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Questions and Answers
The Mughal rulers campaigned against rulers who refused to accept their ______.
The Mughal rulers campaigned against rulers who refused to accept their ______.
authority
The ______ Rajputs of Mewar resisted Mughal authority for a long time.
The ______ Rajputs of Mewar resisted Mughal authority for a long time.
Sisodia
The mother of Jahangir was a ______ princess, daughter of the Rajput ruler of Amber.
The mother of Jahangir was a ______ princess, daughter of the Rajput ruler of Amber.
Kachhwaha
Mansabdars were enrolled to fix rank, salary, and military ______.
Mansabdars were enrolled to fix rank, salary, and military ______.
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The higher the ______, the more prestigious was the noble's position in court.
The higher the ______, the more prestigious was the noble's position in court.
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Mansabdars received their salaries as revenue assignments called ______.
Mansabdars received their salaries as revenue assignments called ______.
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The Mughal empire expanded to include ______ bodies of people as it grew.
The Mughal empire expanded to include ______ bodies of people as it grew.
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The ______ system was used by the Mughals to grade their nobles.
The ______ system was used by the Mughals to grade their nobles.
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In Akbar's reign, the revenues from jagirs were roughly equal to the salary of the ______.
In Akbar's reign, the revenues from jagirs were roughly equal to the salary of the ______.
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By Aurangzeb's reign, the actual revenue collected was often less than the granted ______.
By Aurangzeb's reign, the actual revenue collected was often less than the granted ______.
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The main source of income available to Mughal rulers was tax on the produce of the ______.
The main source of income available to Mughal rulers was tax on the produce of the ______.
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The intermediaries who collected taxes from the peasants were referred to as ______.
The intermediaries who collected taxes from the peasants were referred to as ______.
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Akbar's revenue minister, Todar Mal, fixed tax on each crop in ______.
Akbar's revenue minister, Todar Mal, fixed tax on each crop in ______.
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The revenue system established by the Mughals was known as ______.
The revenue system established by the Mughals was known as ______.
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Akbar ordered Abul Fazl to write a history of his reign titled ______.
Akbar ordered Abul Fazl to write a history of his reign titled ______.
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The Ain-i Akbari, part of the Akbar Nama, deals with Akbar's ______ and administration.
The Ain-i Akbari, part of the Akbar Nama, deals with Akbar's ______ and administration.
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Mehrunnisa married Emperor Jahangir in 1611 and received the title ______.
Mehrunnisa married Emperor Jahangir in 1611 and received the title ______.
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Jahangir struck silver coins bearing his own titles and the inscription 'struck in the name of the Queen Begum, ______.'
Jahangir struck silver coins bearing his own titles and the inscription 'struck in the name of the Queen Begum, ______.'
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Jahangir described his father's policy of ______ as allowing for professors of opposite religions.
Jahangir described his father's policy of ______ as allowing for professors of opposite religions.
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Visitors to the Mughal Empire noted both great wealth and glaring ______ existing side by side.
Visitors to the Mughal Empire noted both great wealth and glaring ______ existing side by side.
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Only ______ of the total mansabdars received a significant portion of the empire's revenue.
Only ______ of the total mansabdars received a significant portion of the empire's revenue.
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The highest-ranking mansabdars received ______ percent of the total estimated revenue of the empire.
The highest-ranking mansabdars received ______ percent of the total estimated revenue of the empire.
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The Mughal emperors and their mansabdars spent income on salaries and goods, benefiting the artisans and ______.
The Mughal emperors and their mansabdars spent income on salaries and goods, benefiting the artisans and ______.
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The scale of revenue collection left little for investment in the hands of the primary producers, the ______ and artisan.
The scale of revenue collection left little for investment in the hands of the primary producers, the ______ and artisan.
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The Mughals created an empire during the ______ century.
The Mughals created an empire during the ______ century.
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The Mughals were descendants of Genghis Khan and ______.
The Mughals were descendants of Genghis Khan and ______.
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Babur, the first Mughal emperor, captured ______ and Agra.
Babur, the first Mughal emperor, captured ______ and Agra.
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The Mughals did not believe in ______, where the eldest son inherits his father's estate.
The Mughals did not believe in ______, where the eldest son inherits his father's estate.
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The Mughals' ancestral roots are tied to the ______ who ruled over Central Asia.
The Mughals' ancestral roots are tied to the ______ who ruled over Central Asia.
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The first Mughal emperor ascended the throne of Ferghana at the age of ______.
The first Mughal emperor ascended the throne of Ferghana at the age of ______.
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The Mughals celebrated their genealogy pictorially with portraits of ______ and themselves.
The Mughals celebrated their genealogy pictorially with portraits of ______ and themselves.
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The Red Fort in Delhi was once the residence of the Mughal ______.
The Red Fort in Delhi was once the residence of the Mughal ______.
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Study Notes
The Mughals (16th to 17th Century)
- Ruled a vast territory, encompassing the Indian subcontinent, with diverse cultures and populations.
- In contrast to previous empires, the Mughals established an extensive empire in a relatively short time, starting in the late 16th century and controlling most of the subcontinent by the 17th century.
- They established administrative structures and governance ideas that influenced later rulers.
- The current Prime Minister of India addresses the nation from the Red Fort in Delhi, the former residence of Mughal emperors.
- The Mughals were descendants of two lineages: Genghis Khan and Timur.
Who Were the Mughals?
- Descendants of Genghis Khan (died 1227) through their mother and Timur (died 1404) through their father.
- Genghis Khan's lineage was from the Mongols, rulers throughout parts of China and Central Asia.
- Timur's lineage was from rulers of Iran, Iraq, and modern-day Turkey.
- Mughals did not want to be called Mongol due to its association with the massacre of a large number of people.
Mughal Military Campaigns
- Babur, the first Mughal Emperor (1526-1530), ascended the throne at a young age (12).
- Forced to leave his ancestral throne due to invasion by Uzbegs.
- Captured Delhi and Agra in 1526, conquering the Sultan of Delhi.
- The Mughals employed a system of inheritance, different from primogeniture, which divided the inheritance among all the sons. (coparcenary inheritance)
Mughal Relations with Other Rulers
- Constantly campaigned against rulers who refused to recognize Mughal authority, though many willingly joined the Mughals due to their growing power, including the Rajputs.
Mughal Marriages
- The mother of Jahangir was a Kachhwaha princess, daughter of the Rajput ruler of Amber (modern-day Jaipur).
- The mother of Shah Jahan was a Rathor princess, daughter of the Rajput ruler of Marwar (Jodhpur).
- Some Rajput families engaged in marriages, often gaining high positions in the Mughal administration.
Mansabdars and Jagirdars
- The Mughals created a hierarchical system of officials called Mansabdars to control various regions as the empire expanded.
- This system involved ranks, salaries, and military responsibilities.
- Salaries were assigned through land grants known as jagirs. These differed from the muqtis' assignments as most mansabdars did not reside in or administer their jagirs.
Zabt and Zamindars
- The main source of revenue was taxes on agricultural produce.
- Peasants paid taxes through rural elites (zamindars).
- Akbar's revenue minister, Todar Mal, conducted a detailed survey of crop yields, prices, and cultivated areas (1570-1580), fixing taxes for each crop in cash.
- This system, called zabt, involved dividing provinces into revenue circles and calculating revenue rates for individual crops.
- Not all areas were successfully surveyed and taxed under zabt, particularly areas like Gujarat and Bengal.
- Zamindars sometimes held significant power in these areas.
Akbar Nama and Ain-i Akbari
- Akbar commissioned Abul Fazl to write the Akbar Nama, a three-volume history of his reign.
- The first volume covered Akbar's ancestors, while the second described events of his reign.
- The Ain-i Akbari, the third volume, detailed Akbar's administration, army, revenues, and the geography of the empire.
- Provided information on things like, crops, yields, prices, wages, and revenues.
Nur Jahan's influence
- Mehrunnisa, titled Nur Jahan, married Jahangir in 1611.
- Played a significant role in Jahangir's court and remained highly loyal.
- Commemorated on coins ("struck in the name of the Queen Begum, Nur Jahan").
The Mughal Empire in the Seventeenth Century and After
- The Mughal Empire experienced economic prosperity due to their administrative and military efficiency
- The inequalities were stark as high-ranking officials accumulated significant wealth, while many were impoverished.
- The growth and consolidation of power within the empire led to the establishment of new provincial dynasties.
Economic Conditions
- The Mughals spent a portion of their income on salaries and goods, benefiting artisans and peasants.
- This, however, left little investment for the lower classes.
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Description
Explore the rise and impact of the Mughal Empire from the late 16th to the 17th century. Discover the significant influence the Mughals had on the Indian subcontinent through governance, culture, and architecture. Learn about their lineage from Genghis Khan and Timur and how they shaped modern India.
