The Migration Period

• The Migration Period lasted from the 4th to the 7th century
• The Migration Period was a time of cultural and ethical change
• The Migration Period was a transition between late ancient history and the early Middle Ages

The Causes and Outcomes of the Migration

• The invasion of the Huns prompted the migration
• People searched for fertile lands during the migration
• The general cooling of the climate was a cause of the migration
• The weakness of the Roman Empire fueled the migration
• The migration resulted in the creation of new kingdoms
• Tribes settled new areas without destroying them
• A new culture emerged, blending Roman and Germanic customs
• A single language, vulgar Latin, was created

The Changes in Europe

• The disruption of trade occurred because of wars among the Germanic tribes
• The downfall of cities resulted as people moved to the countryside; cities were abandoned and lost importance
• The decline of learning meant skills like reading and writing were not very important initially
• The loss of a common language led to the use of local languages instead of Latin
• After the Roman Empire fell, a new society emerged
• The roots of medieval society include the classical heritage of Rome
• The roots of medieval society include the beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church
• The roots of medieval society include the customs of various Germanic tribes

The Franks

• The Franks had a well-trained army, giving them military power
• The Franks not only fought but also farmed
• Strong leaders united the Frankish tribes
• The Franks adopted Christianity

Clovis

• Clovis was the first Christian leader
• Clovis gained the support of the Pope through a strategic alliance
• Under Clovis, Latin became the official language
• Clovis oversaw territorial expansion

The Majordomos

• The Majordomos were governmental officials held by noble men
• The Majordomos were the most powerful people in the Frankish kingdom during the decline of royal power
• The Majordomos were in charge of the royal court, household, and estates
• The military leadership was the most important function of the Majordomos

Charles Martel

• Charles Martel, a mayor of the house, was more powerful than the king and supported by the Pope
• Charles Martel enlarged the territory
• Charles Martel's most important battle was the Battle of Tours in 732
• Charles Martel's army defeated Muslim raiders who had conquered Spain in 711
• The victory at the Battle of Tours stopped Muslim expansion in Europe

Pepin the Short

• Pepin the Short was a mayor of the house who enlarged the territory
• Pepin the Short cooperated with the Pope
• Pepin the Short's achievements brought him fame and power; the Pope gave him the title of king
• Pepin the Short started the Carolingian dynasty

Charles the Great - Charlemagne

• Charles the Great limited the power of nobles
• Charles the Great supported education and established many schools
• Charles the Great built the greatest empire in Western Europe, the Holy Roman Empire
• Charles the Great was crowned emperor by the Pope

Louis the Pious

• Louis the Pious was a very religious but ineffective ruler, and was not supported by his subjects
• Louis the Pious had three sons: Lothair, Charles the Bald, and Louis the German
• Louis the Pious's sons were supposed to rule together, but they fought against each other
• Louis the Pious's sons decided to divide the empire into three kingdoms
• The Treaty of Verdun was signed in 843, establishing three kingdoms
• The West Frankish Kingdom was ruled by Charles the Bald
• The Central Frankish Kingdom was ruled by Lothair
• The East Frankish Kingdom was ruled by Louis the German

Feudalism

• The word "feudum" in Latin means land
• Feudalism is a social, political, and economic system based on control of land
• Land ownership divided people into social classes
• Landowners held political power
• Landowners controlled the economy

The Feudal Society

• Social classes determined prestige and power
• Social class was inherited
• The structure consisted of those who FOUGHT(nobles/knights), PRAYED(clergy), AND WORKED(peasants/serfs)
• The Lord is the owner of the Land and the Vassal is the tenant of the Land

The Life of the Nobles

• The nobles were free
• Their duties included fighting for the lord(financing military campaigns, providing soldiers...)
• Their duties included providing hospitality and attending ceremonies
• Their duties included levying taxes, sitting in the council, and judging

The Life of the Pesants

• The majority of people were peasants where many were serfs
• Serfs were bound to the land and could not own it
• Serfs could not leave the manor without the lord's permission
• Peasants were free and some owned land
• They paid taxes (a TITHE, and a tax on grain)
• The life of peasants and serfs consisted of living in a one or two room cottage, and the children didn't attend school
• The Average life expectancy was 35 years

The Manor system

• The manor was the lord's estate
• The lord provided housing, farmland, and protection to the serfs
• Serfs tended the lord's lands, cared for animals, and performed other tasks as payment
• The manor consisted of the lord's house, peasant cottages, church, workshops, fields, pastures, woodlands, streams, and ponds
• The manor was was a self-sufficent community and produced what it needed for daily ife
• The only purchased materials were salt, iron, and a few objects that could not be made

The Nobility

• They owned land which brought political power and wealth
• The nobles were judges and members of the councils, attended a king, provided support, collected taxes, provided food,

The Knights

• Supposed to fight for the king and country
• Well educated/trained
• Lived by strict rules
  • Loyalty, bravery, and respectfulness
  • Loyal to a lord, heavenly lord, and a chosen lady
  • Were to protect the weak and poor
• Stages of training and education:
  • Page(7-14yrs) where boys usually live in a castle, precticed conduct, fencing, riding a horse
  • Squire(14-20yrs) where boys would becomes attendants of a knight, practice launching aarows and hunting
  • Knight(21yrs) where they would achive a knighthood

The Clergy

• The clergy were dedicated to serving God
• Members were to provide religious ceremonies
• Those who held higher places in the Church were wealthy and held political power
• People lived in monasteries(monks) and convents(nuns)
• The lives of those in those establishments was strict and practical
• Monasteries had three functions
  • Healthcare: they took care of the sick
  • Administration: Priests wrote chronicles and kept record of events
  • Education: They were often the only educated people who provided instruction for children

Education

• Education declined after the fall of the Roman Empire
• The chruch took control of education and established three types of schools:
  • Elementary-song schools which would have have the basic instruction for reading, writting and singing
  • Monastic schools, where monks learned by heart
  • Grammar schools established by the bishops. Universities:
  • Higher education
  • Started as small groups of scholars
  • Had four faculties: Theology, Law, Medicine, and Arts
  • Included the Seven liberal arts
    • Trivium: Grammar, Rhetoric, Logic
    • Quadrivium: Arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy Those who were wealthy could only afford to go to school since it was time consuming with books that were expensive
• Noble boys attended school while the girl were taught from home
• It was expernsive for the pendants which if possible, could be approved by the lord
• The children were usually taught from home while they worked
• Traditions, folk-tales, proverbs, stories, sermons, and confessions. Also had educational purposes

Middle Ages – Age of Faith

• Religion was a unifying force because the laws of the Church were the same for all
• The Church provided social life to the village, education, administrated sacraments.
• The churches were religious and social center

Structure of the Church

• The Pope was supreme leader
• The members of the clergy fell under his authority
• The Pope's palace was the center of Roman government and the revenues were used to raise armies repair roads and help the poor
• Power: Spiritual and Secular Involved in Politics, negotiated peace treaties

The Law of the Church

Canon law – a system of a justice to guide people's conduct

• Harshest punishments:
  • Excommunication: Being banished from the church and having their vassals freed from their duties
• Interdict: Sacrement and religion and service could not be performed

The Problems of the Church

• Wealth
• Marriages of villages priests against the rules
• Illiteracy
• Simony(Selligind of church offices
• Lay investiture(Appointment of religious officials who appointed by secular leader)
• There were many reformers who wanted to solve problem.

The Schism

• Conflict, Icons , Dispute over religious doctrine
• The west lead by Pope in rome
• The East lead by Partriach in Constantinople
• They excommunicated each other in 1054
• Result Seperation between the catholic church and the Eastern orthodox church

Relationship between the Church and the State

• The rulers supported the Pope and the Pope supported the rules
• The Church and the rulers compete for power
• The problems lay investiture
• The church would appoint Bishops and Emperiors would be allowed to veto them"

Changes in Mediaeval

The beginning of the Mediaeval Ages's Germanic tribes:

• Ruled Europe
• Disrupted economy and Education
• Improved social situation

Rural Life

• Farming improvments: Oxen were, Replaced by horses, Farmers could have land more, Tree- field sytem was introducesd

Urban Life(Towns)

• Portreeve/Mayor: Leader of a free Town.
• Town Hall Administrator
• Privilages from soilds.lave -relife right to Goverment/ fortifictation- right to organise the
• Fair And Hunt

Guilds

• An on organisation who skilled Artisans and cragsmen
• Set standereds: for Quality of products, wages, , working conditions

Sanitary Conditions

• People did not have sewers household and human waste ended in front of the houses
• Streets were narrow full of animals and waste
• No fresh air or light or water in houses

Explore the Migration Period from the 4th to 7th century, a time of cultural and ethical transformation. Discover the reasons for the migration, including the invasion of the Huns, the search for fertile lands, and the weakening of the Roman Empire. Learn how new kingdoms were created and a new culture emerged.