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The Microbial World
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The Microbial World

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Questions and Answers

Which domain of life is the primary emphasis of the course?

  • Eukarya
  • Viruses
  • Bacteria (correct)
  • Archaea

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viruses?

  • Ability to multiply outside a living cell (correct)
  • Metabolism
  • Ribosomes
  • Considered as separate in virology

    • What is the primary difference between viruses and other microbes?

  • Lack of cellular life hallmarks (correct)
  • Considered separately in virology
  • Presence of DNA or RNA
  • Ability to hijack cells

    • Which domain of life includes 'extremophiles'?

    <p>Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of viruses in microbiology?

    <p>Multiplying within a living cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a eukaryotic microbe?

    <p>Algae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of microbes?

    <p>Life too small to be seen by the human eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the presumed function of the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA)?

    <p>Anaerobic metabolism and limited shared genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the development of aerobic organisms and the formation of an ozone layer on Earth?

    <p>The emergence of photosynthetic bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory explains the evolution of eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Endosymbiotic theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated ratio of microbes to animals in terms of biomass on Earth?

    <p>1 x 10^30 : 2 x 10^19</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact do microbial communities have on evolution and diversity?

    <p>They drive evolution and diversity through various interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Roughly how many microbial cells inhabit the human body in comparison to human cells?

    <p>Roughly the same number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major global health problem related to microbes?

    <p>Prevalence of microbial diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is expanding and offering exciting future possibilities for various applications?

    <p>The use of microbes in industry and biotechnology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of scientific classification for organisms?

    <p>To bring structure and minimize chaos when new species are discovered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the scientific names of microbes typically presented?

    <p>Italicized or underlined</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis for the Woese tree of life?

    <p>Nucleotide sequence similarity in ribosomal RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of SSU rRNA sequencing in microbiology?

    <p>To infer phylogenetic relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can phylogenetic trees be affected in microbiology?

    <p>By horizontal gene transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the broader classification level in the scientific naming of organisms?

    <p>Genus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what language are scientific names of microbes typically presented?

    <p>Latin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do phylogenetic trees visually show?

    <p>Evolutionary relationships between different organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are higher taxa names typically presented in scientific classification?

    <p>Not italicized but capitalized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature can be used to group strains of microbes?

    <p>Important characteristics such as pathotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is taxonomy?

    <p>The science of classifying and naming biological organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is phylogeny?

    <p>The study of the evolutionary relationships between different organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do taxonomists use to make classifications?

    <p>Genotype, phenotype, and phylogenetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hierarchical order of similarity levels in taxonomy?

    <p>From very broad to very similar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the levels of classification in taxonomy, from broadest to most specific?

    <p>Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct taxonomic classification of the red fox?

    <p>Eukarya, Animalia, Chordata, Mammalia, Carnivora, Canidae, Vulpes Vulpes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct taxonomic classification of Escherichia coli?

    <p>Bacteria, Proteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia, Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known for the development of taxonomy in the 1700s?

    <p>Carl Linnaeus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of inferring evolutionary relationships between microbes called?

    <p>Phylogeny</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary emphasis of taxonomy and phylogeny?

    <p>Grouping and classifying organisms based on evolutionary relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of taxonomy?

    <p>Classifying and naming biological organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of the evolutionary relationships between different organisms called?

    <p>Phylogeny</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do taxonomists use to make classifications?

    <p>Genotype, phenotype, and phylogenetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which domain of life includes the microbe Escherichia coli?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct taxonomic classification of Escherichia coli?

    <p>Enterobacteriaceae Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of viruses in microbiology?

    <p>Challenging the concept of what constitutes a living organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis for the Woese tree of life?

    <p>SSU rRNA sequencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated ratio of microbes to animals in terms of biomass on Earth?

    <p>10:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of inferring evolutionary relationships between microbes called?

    <p>Phylogeny</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what language are scientific names of microbes typically presented?

    <p>Latin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary basis for the Woese tree of life?

    <p>Nucleotide sequence similarity in ribosomal RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature can be used to group strains of microbes?

    <p>Pathotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of SSU rRNA sequencing in microbiology?

    <p>Infer phylogenetic relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are species names typically presented in scientific classification?

    <p>Italicized or underlined</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary language used for scientific names of microbes?

    <p>Latin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the presumed function of the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA)?

    <p>Ancestor of all life forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can affect the accuracy of phylogenetic trees in microbiology?

    <p>Horizontal gene transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of taxonomy in microbiology?

    <p>Bring order to the diversity of organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do phylogenetic trees visually show?

    <p>Evolutionary relationships between different organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the broader classification level in the scientific naming of organisms?

    <p>Genus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microbial World: Key Points

    • RNA world hypothesis suggests that RNA molecules were the first self-replicating entities with simple and complex functions, leading to the formation of more complex RNA-protein systems.
    • The Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) is presumed to have had DNA replication, transcription, translation, and anaerobic metabolism, with a limited number of genes shared by modern organisms.
    • The rise of oxygen on Earth, due to the emergence of photosynthetic bacteria, led to the development of aerobic organisms and the formation of an ozone layer, making the planet more habitable.
    • The endosymbiotic theory explains the evolution of eukaryotic cells, suggesting that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent bacteria that were engulfed by ancestral cells.
    • Microbes dominate Earth's biomass, with an estimated 1 x 10^30 microbes compared to around 2 x 10^19 animals, and they are prevalent in virtually every habitat, including extreme environments.
    • Microbial communities are diverse and competitive, driving evolution and diversity through various interactions, from fiercely competitive to obligately symbiotic.
    • Microbes inhabit human bodies, with roughly the same number of microbial and human cells, and they come in diverse shapes and sizes, impacting human health and disease.
    • Microbes have a major impact on human lives, from causing diseases to being used in industry, biotechnology, and the production of favorite foods through fermentation.
    • The prevalence of microbial diseases remains a major global health problem, particularly in the developing world, and the rise of antibiotic resistance poses a threat to human progress.
    • The use of microbes in industry and biotechnology is expanding, offering exciting future possibilities for various applications.
    • Many favorite foods are made using microbial fermentation, showcasing the essential role of microbes in food production and human nutrition.
    • Microbes have played a significant role in human history, from causing diseases to being used in industry and biotechnology, highlighting their importance in various aspects of human life.

    Scientific Classification and Phylogenetic Trees

    • Organisms are classified using a system to bring structure and minimize chaos when new species are discovered
    • Each organism has a genus and species name, with the genus being more broad
    • Scientific names of microbes are in Latin and may describe characteristics or honor scientists
    • Species names are italicized or underlined, and higher taxa are not italicized but capitalized
    • Some microbes are classified more specifically than species, such as subspecies, biovar, and serovar
    • Strains can be grouped based on important features, such as pathotypes
    • Taxonomy helps to bring order to the incredible diversity of organisms and allows effective communication
    • Phylogenetic trees visually show evolutionary relationships between different organisms
    • DNA sequences are compared to determine how closely related organisms are
    • SSU rRNA sequencing is commonly used to infer phylogenetic relationships
    • The Woese tree of life is based on nucleotide sequence similarity in ribosomal RNA and established the presence of three domains of life
    • Phylogenetic trees are predictions and can be affected by horizontal gene transfer, where microbes acquire foreign DNA through recombination

    Scientific Classification and Phylogenetic Trees

    • Organisms are classified using a system to bring structure and minimize chaos when new species are discovered
    • Each organism has a genus and species name, with the genus being more broad
    • Scientific names of microbes are in Latin and may describe characteristics or honor scientists
    • Species names are italicized or underlined, and higher taxa are not italicized but capitalized
    • Some microbes are classified more specifically than species, such as subspecies, biovar, and serovar
    • Strains can be grouped based on important features, such as pathotypes
    • Taxonomy helps to bring order to the incredible diversity of organisms and allows effective communication
    • Phylogenetic trees visually show evolutionary relationships between different organisms
    • DNA sequences are compared to determine how closely related organisms are
    • SSU rRNA sequencing is commonly used to infer phylogenetic relationships
    • The Woese tree of life is based on nucleotide sequence similarity in ribosomal RNA and established the presence of three domains of life
    • Phylogenetic trees are predictions and can be affected by horizontal gene transfer, where microbes acquire foreign DNA through recombination

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    Related Documents

    1-2 - Evolution and Diversity of Microbes -.pdf
    1-3 - Naming and Classifying Microbes.pdf

    Description

    Test your knowledge of the microbial world with this quiz covering key points such as the RNA world hypothesis, the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA), the rise of oxygen on Earth, the endosymbiotic theory, microbial communities, microbial impact on human health and disease, industrial and biotechnological applications of microbes, antibiotic resistance, and the historical significance of microbes.

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