The Miasma Theory
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Questions and Answers

Which theory was used to explain why people got diseases before the field of microbiology emerged on the scene in the later 1800s?

  • The Epidemic Theory
  • The Contagion Theory
  • The Miasma Theory (correct)
  • The Germ Theory

    • What was the Miasma?

  • A type of bacteria
  • A type of contagious disease
  • A medical instrument
  • A dark cloud of foul smelling air (correct)

    • Who firmly held to the Miasma Theory

  • Farmers
  • Scientists
  • City dwellers (correct)
  • Microbiologists

    • Which domain do bacteria belong to?

    <p>Prokaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are bacteria?

    <p>Single-celled organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following microorganisms is not considered alive?

    <p>Viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which field of study emerged in the later 1800s and led to the understanding of microorganisms?

    <p>Microbiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is the most common cause of impetigo?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infection is impetigo?

    <p>Bacterial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual depth of impetigo infection?

    <p>Superficial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Although the golden age of microbiology was made possible by a lot of things, 3 major events that helped us get past the ______ cloud theory, what were they? 1. seeing is believing 2. you can't get something from nothing 3. Koch's germ theory

    <p>miasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first major event that helped us get past the miasma cloud theory was ______ is believing

    <p>seeing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The second major event that helped us get past the miasma cloud theory was you can't get something from ______

    <p>nothing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The third major event that helped us get past the miasma cloud theory was ______'s germ theory

    <p>Koch's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the term 'aseptic'?

    <p>A state free from disease-causing microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'aseptic' mean?

    <p>A state free from disease-causing microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Septic means?

    <p>Containing bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of a septic condition?

    <p>Feverish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about septic conditions?

    <p>They are caused by bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in your body form clusters called granulomas or tubercles around bacteria?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the formation of tubercles in tuberculosis?

    <p>The formation of tubercles in tuberculosis happens because the enzymes of macrophages have a hard time dissolving the waxy coat that surrounds bacteria, this causes so your body's immune cells will surround the bacteria and form a cluster around it, forming granulomas, or tubercles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clusters formed around bacteria called in tuberculosis?

    <p>Granulomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is used as an example of a chronic disease in the text?

    <p>Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long is the TB vaccine effective for?

    <p>1-2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is the causative agent of tuberculosis?

    <p>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of tuberculosis?

    <p>It is a chronic disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The works of Joseph lister. He was an English surgeon who was first used ______ spray in the operating room

    <p>phenol spray, and then later soaked sutures in phenol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    He got the idea from sanitary engineers after they ______ the Thames river when it got excessively smelly

    <p>sprayed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    He noticed that it got rid of the ______

    <p>smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During Lister's time, how successful was surgery?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was Joseph Lister?

    <p>An English surgeon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Joseph Lister first use in the operating room? and eventually soaking sutures in phenol.

    <p>Antiseptic spray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is the causative agent of childbed fever?

    <p>Streptococcus agalactiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the cause of childbed fever according to Semmelweis and other obstetricians?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the golden age of biology, what were some of the factors that led to new discoveries?

    <p>New technology and techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the key factors that contributed to the golden age of biology?

    <p>People questioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the white coat during the golden age of biology?

    <p>It symbolized the status of scientists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Semmelwies concluded that infectious ______ lead to Childbed fever, and those particles contained the bacteria Streptococcus agalactiae.

    <p>cadaver particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Childbed fever, the ______ is caused by the bacteria Streptococcus agalactiae.

    <p>infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some old ways of thinking about what caused childbed fever?

    <p>Something gets backed up into the uterus, back up of milk, old air gets in uterus, pregnant women too hysterical, too many medical student visits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is the causative agent of childbed fever?

    <p>Streptococcus agalactiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of a septic condition?

    <p>Infection caused by bacteria or other infectious organisms in the blood or tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which time period did Ignaz Semmelweis make his medical observations?

    <p>1840s-1850s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did Ignaz Semmelweis work as a doctor?

    <p>Vienna General Hospital in Austria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Ignaz Semmelweis' case illustrate about technology and new ideas?

    <p>They are sometimes readily embraced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual outcome for both the mother and daughter in cases of acute childbed fever?

    <p>Death within 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Childbed fever is caused by the bacteria ______

    <p>Streptococcus agalactiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some symptoms of childbed fever include fever, nausea, ______, and cognitive fuzziness

    <p>no eating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute childbed fever often results in a drop in ______, leading to shock

    <p>blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Semmelweis' observations, which of the following statements is true?

    <p>Child bed fever cases were more common in Ward A than in Ward B 60 in war A and 7 in B out of 3000 live births</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Semmelweis, which ward had a higher number of child bedfever cases?

    <p>Ward A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Semmelweis observe about child bedfever cases outside the hospital?

    <p>Very few cases were reported</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Semmelweis, what was the relationship between trauma to the mother and child bedfever cases?

    <p>The greater the trauma, the more cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to the surgeon who cut himself during an autopsy with a child bedfever mother?

    <p>He developed the same symptoms and died</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Semmelweis' observations, which ward had a higher number of child bedfever cases?

    <p>Ward A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Semmelweis observe about child bedfever cases outside the hospital?

    <p>There were very few child bedfever cases outside the hospital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Semmelweis, what was the relationship between trauma to the mother and child bedfever cases?

    <p>The more trauma to the mother, the more child bedfever cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to the surgeon who cut himself during an autopsy with a child bedfever mother?

    <p>He developed the same symptoms as the CF mother and died within 48 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hypothesis states that life could arise from nonliving matter?

    <p>Spontaneous generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is biogenesis?

    <p>The production of living organisms from other living organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria are part of the skin microbiome?

    <p>Staph aureus and Staph epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rank of the skin in terms of the number and species that make up the microbiome?

    <p>Second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately how many other species are part of the skin microbiome?

    <p>1000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cause of neonatal meningitis?

    <p>Staphylococcus epidermidis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are antibodies?

    <p>Proteins made by the body in response to pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is the cause of neonatal meningitis?

    <p>Staph epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are antibodies?

    <p>Proteins made by us in response to encountering a pathogen or through vaccination. offers protection 6 months to a year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between antibiotics and antibodies?

    <p>Antibiotics are chemicals that combat disease, while antibodies are proteins made by us</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary cause of necrotizing fasciitis?

    <p>Staphylococcus pyogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of necrotizing fasciitis on the tissue?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fascia does what?

    <p>It wraps the muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria is the most common cause of cellulitis?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cellulitis?

    <p>A superficial skin infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cellulitis spread in the skin?

    <p>Horizontally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the author narrator of the case of the red leg?

    <p>Atul Gawande</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the patient in the case of the red leg?

    <p>Eleanor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Did they end up amputating Eleanor's leg in the case of the red leg?

    <p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What medical procedures were performed on Eleanor's leg in the case of the red leg?

    <p>They operated on her leg, removed dead tissue, washed her leg and foot with sterile saline, kept antibiotics going, and put Eleanor in a hyperbaric chamber.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Did they end up amputating Eleanor's leg in the case of the red leg?

    <p>No, they did not amputate Eleanor's leg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of putting Eleanor in a hyperbaric chamber?

    <p>The purpose was to provide her with hyperbaric oxygen therapy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In The Case of the Red Leg patient, what factors did we learn that success depends on?

    <ol> <li>who you see, 2. Time you see them, 3. Type of hospital</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the three major events that helped us get past the 'miasma cloud theory'?

    <ol> <li>seeing is believing, 2. you can't get something from nothing, 3. Koch's germ theory</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    Can cellulitis affect fascia and muscle?

    <p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can impetigo affect the dermis?

    <p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bacteria is a major cause of Osteomyelitis?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 2 public health interventions that have had the greatest impact on world health are?

    <p>Clean water and vaccinated program.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two public health interventions that have had the greatest impact on world health?

    <p>Clean water and vaccinated program.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the changes to the microbiome after an organism has died?

    <p>Necrobiome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the necrobiome and the microbiome?

    <p>The necrobiome occurs after death, while the microbiome is present in a living organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines a microbiome?

    <p>A community of microbes that share our body space over a long period of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of a microbiome?

    <p>It is unique to each individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microbe is responsible for causing a recurring and debilitating infection of the gut?

    <p>Clostridium difficile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What experimental treatment did Colleen Kelly try on her patient with a Clostridium difficile infection?

    <p>Transplanting a fecal sample from a healthy donor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the application of microbiome knowledge in Colleen Kelly's case?

    <p>It was one of the earliest applications of microbiome knowledge in medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of antibiotics in causing severe diarrhea?

    <p>Antibiotics wipe out normal gut bacteria, allowing c diff bacteria to overgrow and produce toxins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does fecal transplant help in restoring normal gut flora?

    <p>Fecal transplant provides competition for space and resources in the gut, along with helpful molecules and bacteria attacking viruses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of c diff bacteria overgrowth in the gut?

    <p>The main consequence is the development of severe diarrhea due to the toxins produced by c diff bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following were the two obstacles to major surgery before the Golden Age of Microbiology?

    <p>Pain and post-op infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does anesthesia affect the ability to perform better surgeries?

    <p>It provides more time for surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the two obstacles to major surgery leading up to the Golden Age of Microbiology?

    <p>pain and post-op infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did anesthesia help in broadening surgical options?

    <p>The patient is knocked out and the surgeon has more time to perform better quality work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who conducted the experiment disproving the theory of spontaneous generation?

    <p>Louis Pasteur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of glassware did Pasteur use in his experiment?

    <p>Flasks with long, curved necks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to the broth boiled within the curve-necked flasks?

    <p>It remained clear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Pasteur's experiments effectively show?

    <p>Microbes are the cause of disease and decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Pasteur's S-shaped flask do?

    <p>Kept microbes out and air in</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of isolating the pathogen on agar or broth in Koch's postulates?

    <p>To identify the pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final step in Koch's postulates?

    <p>The re-isolated pathogen must look the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Koch's 4 postulates: In order to have microbial disease, you must have 1. The ______ disease in all cases

    <p>pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Koch's 4 postulates: In order to have microbial disease, you must have 2. isolate ______ on agar or broth

    <p>pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Koch's 4 postulates: In order to have microbial disease, you must have 3. put isolated ______ back into a healthy host, wait for host to get sick

    <p>pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the 1800s, what percentage of all infection deaths were caused by Tuberculosis?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did Tuberculosis have on people and their families?

    <p>It kept people sick and families poor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the profession of Koch during the 1800s?

    <p>Doctor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory had to be rejected before microbiology could move forward?

    <p>The theory of spontaneous generation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A-------and------theory about life and disease needed to replace spontaneous generation before microbiology can move forward

    <p>explanatory and predictive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the rejection of the theory of spontaneous generation lead to the theory of biogenesis which helped advance microbiology?

    <p>The advancement of microbiology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of endospore formation in soil bacteria?

    <p>Endospore formation allows bacteria to survive harsh conditions by entering a dormant state and requires no water or nutrition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are Bacillus bacteria a major concern in clinics and hospitals?

    <p>Bacillus bacteria are a major concern in clinics and hospitals because their endospores are resistant to many antibiotics, disinfectants, and heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do most soil bacteria survive unfavorable conditions?

    <p>Most soil bacteria can convert into endospores under unfavorable conditions, which allows them to enter a dormant state and survive without water or nutrition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to endospores when conditions become favorable again?

    <p>They convert into bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes endospores a challenge in clinics and hospitals?

    <p>They are resistant to antibiotics, disinfectants, and heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do we now know about the survival capability of most soil bacteria?

    <p>They can survive without water or nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the lung microbiome?

    <p>The lung microbiome has low microbial biomass and high microbial diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of post-burn fatalities and chronic infections in Cystic Fibrosis?

    <p>P. aeruginosa bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of breast milk for a newborn?

    <p>To provide the baby's own immune system and microbiome and to provide water, protein, carbohydrates, and fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some challenges that microbes face when living on the skin?

    <p>Microbes on the skin face challenges such as exposure to air, UV light, salt, and acidic oils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do microbes on the skin need to have adaptations to survive?

    <p>Microbes on the skin need adaptations to survive because of the harsh environment they are exposed to, including air, UV light, salt, and acidic oils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In order for microbial diseases to occur, what are the three factors that must be considered?

    <ol> <li>You must have the infectious agent. 2. factor in the immune status of the host 3. factor in Where are the “now-pathogens” located in the host, ex coli would not cause skin infections as it does not favor that type of environment.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    Why would Escherichia coli not cause skin infections?

    <p>Escherichia coli does not favor the skin environment for causing infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ciliary escalator is made up of ______ and cilia.

    <p>sputum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many species of bacteria ______, the cornea that is?

    <p>bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The works of Joseph lister. He was an English surgeon who was first used ______ spray in the operating room

    <p>antiseptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is the primary cause of tuberculosis?

    <p>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number one cause of neonatal meningitis?

    <p>Staphylococcus epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium causes acute infections in burn victims and chronic infections in tuberculosis victims?

    <p>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed the single lensed microscope and viewed microorganisms such as bacteria and protist?

    <p>Antonio can Leeuwenhoek</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Zeiss Corporation do with the microscope that was so influential in microbiology?

    <p>Lowered the cost and made it available to students</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the benefit of adding a second lens to the microscope?

    <p>Higher magnification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why were otoscope, ophthalmoscope, otoscope, and stethoscope considered disruptive medical technologies?

    <p>These technologies disrupted the status quo by allowing doctors to be physically close to their patients, which was not socially normal at the time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason these medical technologies were considered disruptive?

    <p>The main reason these technologies were disruptive is because they challenged the traditional doctor-patient relationship, particularly in regards to physical proximity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What social norms did these medical technologies disrupt?

    <p>These medical technologies disrupted the social norm of doctors, especially women doctors, being physically distant from their patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tuberculosis used to be called?

    <p>consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was tuberculosis called consumption?

    <p>because it was a disease that was seen consuming the individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microbiology History

    • Before the field of microbiology emerged in the later 1800s, the Miasma Theory was used to explain why people got diseases.
    • The Miasma Theory was firmly held by many, including doctors and scientists.

    Microbiology Basics

    • Bacteria belong to the domain Bacteria.
    • Bacteria are a type of microorganism.
    • Viruses are not considered alive.

    Impetigo

    • Impetigo is a type of skin infection caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus.
    • Impetigo is usually superficial, affecting the epidermis.

    Microbiology Golden Age

    • The Golden Age of Microbiology was made possible by three major events: "seeing is believing", "you can't get something from nothing", and Koch's germ theory.
    • "Seeing is believing" refers to the idea that microorganisms must be observed to be believed.
    • "You can't get something from nothing" refers to the idea that spontaneous generation is not possible.
    • Koch's germ theory states that microorganisms cause disease.

    Aseptic and Septic Conditions

    • Aseptic means free from microorganisms.
    • Septic means infected with microorganisms.
    • Septic conditions are characterized by the presence of microorganisms.
    • Granulomas or tubercles are formed around bacteria in the body, particularly in tuberculosis.

    Joseph Lister

    • Joseph Lister was an English surgeon who introduced antiseptic surgery.
    • He used carbolic acid spray in the operating room.
    • He got the idea from sanitary engineers after they cleaned up the Thames River.
    • He noticed that it got rid of the bad smell.

    Childbed Fever

    • Childbed fever is a type of infection caused by the bacterium Streptococcus agalactiae.
    • It was a major cause of death in childbirth before the discovery of antibiotics.
    • Symptoms include fever, nausea, vomiting, and cognitive fuzziness.
    • Acute childbed fever often results in a drop in blood pressure, leading to shock.

    Ignaz Semmelweis

    • Ignaz Semmelweis made medical observations during the 1840s.
    • He worked as a doctor in Vienna, Austria.
    • He concluded that infectious particles lead to childbed fever.
    • He observed that childbed fever cases were higher in the ward where doctors and medical students examined patients.

    Skin Microbiome

    • The skin microbiome is composed of many different species of bacteria.
    • The skin is ranked second in terms of the number and species of microorganisms that make up the microbiome.
    • Approximately 100,000 other species are part of the skin microbiome.

    Necrotizing Fasciitis

    • Necrotizing fasciitis is a serious infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.
    • It affects the fascia, leading to tissue death.
    • Fascia is a type of connective tissue that surrounds muscles.

    Antibiotics and Antibodies

    • Antibiotics are medications that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
    • Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system to fight infections.
    • The difference between antibiotics and antibodies is that antibiotics are external agents, while antibodies are internal proteins produced by the immune system.

    Microbiome and Necrobiome

    • The microbiome is the collection of microorganisms that live on and inside the human body.
    • The necrobiome is the collection of microorganisms that colonize and decompose the human body after death.
    • The main difference between the microbiome and necrobiome is that the microbiome is present in living organisms, while the necrobiome is present in dead organisms.

    Public Health Interventions

    • The two public health interventions that have had the greatest impact on world health are vaccination and sanitation.

    Microbiology Applications

    • The application of microbiome knowledge has led to the development of experimental treatments, such as fecal transplants.
    • The significance of the application of microbiome knowledge is that it has led to new treatments and a better understanding of the human body.

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    Test your knowledge on the Miasma Theory and its role in explaining disease transmission before the advent of microbiology. Explore the belief in a foul-smelling cloud of bad air causing illness in this informative quiz.

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