144 Questions
Which theory was used to explain why people got diseases before the field of microbiology emerged on the scene in the later 1800s?
The Miasma Theory
What was the Miasma?
A dark cloud of foul smelling air
Who firmly held to the Miasma Theory
City dwellers
Which domain do bacteria belong to?
Prokaryotes
What are bacteria?
Single-celled organisms
Which of the following microorganisms is not considered alive?
Viruses
Which field of study emerged in the later 1800s and led to the understanding of microorganisms?
Microbiology
Which bacterium is the most common cause of impetigo?
Staphylococcus aureus
What type of infection is impetigo?
Bacterial
What is the usual depth of impetigo infection?
Superficial
Although the golden age of microbiology was made possible by a lot of things, 3 major events that helped us get past the ______ cloud theory, what were they? 1. seeing is believing 2. you can't get something from nothing 3. Koch's germ theory
miasma
The first major event that helped us get past the miasma cloud theory was ______ is believing
seeing
The second major event that helped us get past the miasma cloud theory was you can't get something from ______
nothing
The third major event that helped us get past the miasma cloud theory was ______'s germ theory
Koch's
Which of the following best describes the term 'aseptic'?
A state free from disease-causing microorganisms
What does the term 'aseptic' mean?
A state free from disease-causing microorganisms
Septic means?
Containing bacteria
What is the main characteristic of a septic condition?
Feverish
Which of the following is true about septic conditions?
They are caused by bacteria
Which cells in your body form clusters called granulomas or tubercles around bacteria?
Macrophages
What causes the formation of tubercles in tuberculosis?
The formation of tubercles in tuberculosis happens because the enzymes of macrophages have a hard time dissolving the waxy coat that surrounds bacteria, this causes so your body's immune cells will surround the bacteria and form a cluster around it, forming granulomas, or tubercles.
What are the clusters formed around bacteria called in tuberculosis?
Granulomas
Which disease is used as an example of a chronic disease in the text?
Tuberculosis
How long is the TB vaccine effective for?
1-2 years
Which bacterium is the causative agent of tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
What is the main characteristic of tuberculosis?
It is a chronic disease
The works of Joseph lister. He was an English surgeon who was first used ______ spray in the operating room
phenol spray, and then later soaked sutures in phenol.
He got the idea from sanitary engineers after they ______ the Thames river when it got excessively smelly
sprayed
He noticed that it got rid of the ______
smell
During Lister's time, how successful was surgery?
10%
Who was Joseph Lister?
An English surgeon
What did Joseph Lister first use in the operating room? and eventually soaking sutures in phenol.
Antiseptic spray
Which bacterium is the causative agent of childbed fever?
Streptococcus agalactiae
What was the cause of childbed fever according to Semmelweis and other obstetricians?
Bacteria
During the golden age of biology, what were some of the factors that led to new discoveries?
New technology and techniques
What was one of the key factors that contributed to the golden age of biology?
People questioning
What was the significance of the white coat during the golden age of biology?
It symbolized the status of scientists
Semmelwies concluded that infectious ______ lead to Childbed fever, and those particles contained the bacteria Streptococcus agalactiae.
cadaver particles
In Childbed fever, the ______ is caused by the bacteria Streptococcus agalactiae.
infection
What are some old ways of thinking about what caused childbed fever?
Something gets backed up into the uterus, back up of milk, old air gets in uterus, pregnant women too hysterical, too many medical student visits
Which bacterium is the causative agent of childbed fever?
Streptococcus agalactiae
What is the main characteristic of a septic condition?
Infection caused by bacteria or other infectious organisms in the blood or tissues
During which time period did Ignaz Semmelweis make his medical observations?
1840s-1850s
Where did Ignaz Semmelweis work as a doctor?
Vienna General Hospital in Austria
What does Ignaz Semmelweis' case illustrate about technology and new ideas?
They are sometimes readily embraced
What is the usual outcome for both the mother and daughter in cases of acute childbed fever?
Death within 24 hours
Childbed fever is caused by the bacteria ______
Streptococcus agalactiae
Some symptoms of childbed fever include fever, nausea, ______, and cognitive fuzziness
no eating
Acute childbed fever often results in a drop in ______, leading to shock
blood pressure
According to Semmelweis' observations, which of the following statements is true?
Child bed fever cases were more common in Ward A than in Ward B 60 in war A and 7 in B out of 3000 live births
According to Semmelweis, which ward had a higher number of child bedfever cases?
Ward A
What did Semmelweis observe about child bedfever cases outside the hospital?
Very few cases were reported
According to Semmelweis, what was the relationship between trauma to the mother and child bedfever cases?
The greater the trauma, the more cases
What happened to the surgeon who cut himself during an autopsy with a child bedfever mother?
He developed the same symptoms and died
According to Semmelweis' observations, which ward had a higher number of child bedfever cases?
Ward A
What did Semmelweis observe about child bedfever cases outside the hospital?
There were very few child bedfever cases outside the hospital
According to Semmelweis, what was the relationship between trauma to the mother and child bedfever cases?
The more trauma to the mother, the more child bedfever cases
What happened to the surgeon who cut himself during an autopsy with a child bedfever mother?
He developed the same symptoms as the CF mother and died within 48 hours
Which hypothesis states that life could arise from nonliving matter?
Spontaneous generation
What is biogenesis?
The production of living organisms from other living organisms
Which of the following bacteria are part of the skin microbiome?
Staph aureus and Staph epidermis
What is the rank of the skin in terms of the number and species that make up the microbiome?
Second
Approximately how many other species are part of the skin microbiome?
1000
Which of the following is a cause of neonatal meningitis?
Staphylococcus epidermidis
What are antibodies?
Proteins made by the body in response to pathogens
Which bacterium is the cause of neonatal meningitis?
Staph epidermis
What are antibodies?
Proteins made by us in response to encountering a pathogen or through vaccination. offers protection 6 months to a year.
What is the difference between antibiotics and antibodies?
Antibiotics are chemicals that combat disease, while antibodies are proteins made by us
Which of the following is the primary cause of necrotizing fasciitis?
Staphylococcus pyogenes
What is the main effect of necrotizing fasciitis on the tissue?
Necrosis
Fascia does what?
It wraps the muscle
Which bacteria is the most common cause of cellulitis?
Staphylococcus aureus
What is cellulitis?
A superficial skin infection
How does cellulitis spread in the skin?
Horizontally
Who is the author narrator of the case of the red leg?
Atul Gawande
Who is the patient in the case of the red leg?
Eleanor
Did they end up amputating Eleanor's leg in the case of the red leg?
No
What medical procedures were performed on Eleanor's leg in the case of the red leg?
They operated on her leg, removed dead tissue, washed her leg and foot with sterile saline, kept antibiotics going, and put Eleanor in a hyperbaric chamber.
Did they end up amputating Eleanor's leg in the case of the red leg?
No, they did not amputate Eleanor's leg.
What was the purpose of putting Eleanor in a hyperbaric chamber?
The purpose was to provide her with hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
In The Case of the Red Leg patient, what factors did we learn that success depends on?
- who you see, 2. Time you see them, 3. Type of hospital
What were the three major events that helped us get past the 'miasma cloud theory'?
- seeing is believing, 2. you can't get something from nothing, 3. Koch's germ theory
Can cellulitis affect fascia and muscle?
No
Can impetigo affect the dermis?
No
What bacteria is a major cause of Osteomyelitis?
Staphylococcus aureus
The 2 public health interventions that have had the greatest impact on world health are?
Clean water and vaccinated program.
What are the two public health interventions that have had the greatest impact on world health?
Clean water and vaccinated program.
Which term describes the changes to the microbiome after an organism has died?
Necrobiome
What is the main difference between the necrobiome and the microbiome?
The necrobiome occurs after death, while the microbiome is present in a living organism
Which of the following best defines a microbiome?
A community of microbes that share our body space over a long period of time
What is the main characteristic of a microbiome?
It is unique to each individual
Which microbe is responsible for causing a recurring and debilitating infection of the gut?
Clostridium difficile
What experimental treatment did Colleen Kelly try on her patient with a Clostridium difficile infection?
Transplanting a fecal sample from a healthy donor
What is the significance of the application of microbiome knowledge in Colleen Kelly's case?
It was one of the earliest applications of microbiome knowledge in medicine
What is the role of antibiotics in causing severe diarrhea?
Antibiotics wipe out normal gut bacteria, allowing c diff bacteria to overgrow and produce toxins.
How does fecal transplant help in restoring normal gut flora?
Fecal transplant provides competition for space and resources in the gut, along with helpful molecules and bacteria attacking viruses.
What is the main consequence of c diff bacteria overgrowth in the gut?
The main consequence is the development of severe diarrhea due to the toxins produced by c diff bacteria.
Which of the following were the two obstacles to major surgery before the Golden Age of Microbiology?
Pain and post-op infections
How does anesthesia affect the ability to perform better surgeries?
It provides more time for surgery
What were the two obstacles to major surgery leading up to the Golden Age of Microbiology?
pain and post-op infections
How did anesthesia help in broadening surgical options?
The patient is knocked out and the surgeon has more time to perform better quality work
Who conducted the experiment disproving the theory of spontaneous generation?
Louis Pasteur
What type of glassware did Pasteur use in his experiment?
Flasks with long, curved necks
What happened to the broth boiled within the curve-necked flasks?
It remained clear
What did Pasteur's experiments effectively show?
Microbes are the cause of disease and decay
What did Pasteur's S-shaped flask do?
Kept microbes out and air in
What is the purpose of isolating the pathogen on agar or broth in Koch's postulates?
To identify the pathogen
What is the final step in Koch's postulates?
The re-isolated pathogen must look the same
Koch's 4 postulates: In order to have microbial disease, you must have 1. The ______ disease in all cases
pathogen
Koch's 4 postulates: In order to have microbial disease, you must have 2. isolate ______ on agar or broth
pathogen
Koch's 4 postulates: In order to have microbial disease, you must have 3. put isolated ______ back into a healthy host, wait for host to get sick
pathogen
During the 1800s, what percentage of all infection deaths were caused by Tuberculosis?
25%
What impact did Tuberculosis have on people and their families?
It kept people sick and families poor
What was the profession of Koch during the 1800s?
Doctor
What theory had to be rejected before microbiology could move forward?
The theory of spontaneous generation.
A-------and------theory about life and disease needed to replace spontaneous generation before microbiology can move forward
explanatory and predictive
What did the rejection of the theory of spontaneous generation lead to the theory of biogenesis which helped advance microbiology?
The advancement of microbiology.
What is the purpose of endospore formation in soil bacteria?
Endospore formation allows bacteria to survive harsh conditions by entering a dormant state and requires no water or nutrition.
Why are Bacillus bacteria a major concern in clinics and hospitals?
Bacillus bacteria are a major concern in clinics and hospitals because their endospores are resistant to many antibiotics, disinfectants, and heat.
How do most soil bacteria survive unfavorable conditions?
Most soil bacteria can convert into endospores under unfavorable conditions, which allows them to enter a dormant state and survive without water or nutrition.
What happens to endospores when conditions become favorable again?
They convert into bacteria
What makes endospores a challenge in clinics and hospitals?
They are resistant to antibiotics, disinfectants, and heat
What do we now know about the survival capability of most soil bacteria?
They can survive without water or nutrition
Which of the following is true about the lung microbiome?
The lung microbiome has low microbial biomass and high microbial diversity.
What is the primary cause of post-burn fatalities and chronic infections in Cystic Fibrosis?
P. aeruginosa bacteria
What is the purpose of breast milk for a newborn?
To provide the baby's own immune system and microbiome and to provide water, protein, carbohydrates, and fat
What are some challenges that microbes face when living on the skin?
Microbes on the skin face challenges such as exposure to air, UV light, salt, and acidic oils.
Why do microbes on the skin need to have adaptations to survive?
Microbes on the skin need adaptations to survive because of the harsh environment they are exposed to, including air, UV light, salt, and acidic oils.
In order for microbial diseases to occur, what are the three factors that must be considered?
- You must have the infectious agent. 2. factor in the immune status of the host 3. factor in Where are the “now-pathogens” located in the host, ex coli would not cause skin infections as it does not favor that type of environment.
Why would Escherichia coli not cause skin infections?
Escherichia coli does not favor the skin environment for causing infections.
The ciliary escalator is made up of ______ and cilia.
sputum
How many species of bacteria ______, the cornea that is?
bacteria
The works of Joseph lister. He was an English surgeon who was first used ______ spray in the operating room
antiseptic
Which bacterium is the primary cause of tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
What is the number one cause of neonatal meningitis?
Staphylococcus epidermis
Which bacterium causes acute infections in burn victims and chronic infections in tuberculosis victims?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Who developed the single lensed microscope and viewed microorganisms such as bacteria and protist?
Antonio can Leeuwenhoek
What did Zeiss Corporation do with the microscope that was so influential in microbiology?
Lowered the cost and made it available to students
What was the benefit of adding a second lens to the microscope?
Higher magnification
Why were otoscope, ophthalmoscope, otoscope, and stethoscope considered disruptive medical technologies?
These technologies disrupted the status quo by allowing doctors to be physically close to their patients, which was not socially normal at the time.
What was the main reason these medical technologies were considered disruptive?
The main reason these technologies were disruptive is because they challenged the traditional doctor-patient relationship, particularly in regards to physical proximity.
What social norms did these medical technologies disrupt?
These medical technologies disrupted the social norm of doctors, especially women doctors, being physically distant from their patients.
Tuberculosis used to be called?
consumption
Why was tuberculosis called consumption?
because it was a disease that was seen consuming the individual
Study Notes
Microbiology History
- Before the field of microbiology emerged in the later 1800s, the Miasma Theory was used to explain why people got diseases.
- The Miasma Theory was firmly held by many, including doctors and scientists.
Microbiology Basics
- Bacteria belong to the domain Bacteria.
- Bacteria are a type of microorganism.
- Viruses are not considered alive.
Impetigo
- Impetigo is a type of skin infection caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus.
- Impetigo is usually superficial, affecting the epidermis.
Microbiology Golden Age
- The Golden Age of Microbiology was made possible by three major events: "seeing is believing", "you can't get something from nothing", and Koch's germ theory.
- "Seeing is believing" refers to the idea that microorganisms must be observed to be believed.
- "You can't get something from nothing" refers to the idea that spontaneous generation is not possible.
- Koch's germ theory states that microorganisms cause disease.
Aseptic and Septic Conditions
- Aseptic means free from microorganisms.
- Septic means infected with microorganisms.
- Septic conditions are characterized by the presence of microorganisms.
- Granulomas or tubercles are formed around bacteria in the body, particularly in tuberculosis.
Joseph Lister
- Joseph Lister was an English surgeon who introduced antiseptic surgery.
- He used carbolic acid spray in the operating room.
- He got the idea from sanitary engineers after they cleaned up the Thames River.
- He noticed that it got rid of the bad smell.
Childbed Fever
- Childbed fever is a type of infection caused by the bacterium Streptococcus agalactiae.
- It was a major cause of death in childbirth before the discovery of antibiotics.
- Symptoms include fever, nausea, vomiting, and cognitive fuzziness.
- Acute childbed fever often results in a drop in blood pressure, leading to shock.
Ignaz Semmelweis
- Ignaz Semmelweis made medical observations during the 1840s.
- He worked as a doctor in Vienna, Austria.
- He concluded that infectious particles lead to childbed fever.
- He observed that childbed fever cases were higher in the ward where doctors and medical students examined patients.
Skin Microbiome
- The skin microbiome is composed of many different species of bacteria.
- The skin is ranked second in terms of the number and species of microorganisms that make up the microbiome.
- Approximately 100,000 other species are part of the skin microbiome.
Necrotizing Fasciitis
- Necrotizing fasciitis is a serious infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.
- It affects the fascia, leading to tissue death.
- Fascia is a type of connective tissue that surrounds muscles.
Antibiotics and Antibodies
- Antibiotics are medications that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
- Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system to fight infections.
- The difference between antibiotics and antibodies is that antibiotics are external agents, while antibodies are internal proteins produced by the immune system.
Microbiome and Necrobiome
- The microbiome is the collection of microorganisms that live on and inside the human body.
- The necrobiome is the collection of microorganisms that colonize and decompose the human body after death.
- The main difference between the microbiome and necrobiome is that the microbiome is present in living organisms, while the necrobiome is present in dead organisms.
Public Health Interventions
- The two public health interventions that have had the greatest impact on world health are vaccination and sanitation.
Microbiology Applications
- The application of microbiome knowledge has led to the development of experimental treatments, such as fecal transplants.
- The significance of the application of microbiome knowledge is that it has led to new treatments and a better understanding of the human body.
Test your knowledge on the Miasma Theory and its role in explaining disease transmission before the advent of microbiology. Explore the belief in a foul-smelling cloud of bad air causing illness in this informative quiz.
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