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What is a characteristic of the male-breadwinner model in welfare regimes?
What is a characteristic of the male-breadwinner model in welfare regimes?
- It encourages women to leave the domestic sphere for paid labor.
- It promotes universal welfare accessibility regardless of gender.
- It supports equal insurance benefits for men and women.
- Welfare entitlements are typically gained through dependent status. (correct)
How did the phrase 'working mother' influence the perception of women's labor during and after World War II?
How did the phrase 'working mother' influence the perception of women's labor during and after World War II?
- It eliminated the male-breadwinner model altogether.
- It reinforced the idea of wage earning as secondary for women. (correct)
- It elevated women's work status to equal that of men.
- It led to the expectation that all mothers would work.
In what way does the dual breadwinner model differ from the male-breadwinner model?
In what way does the dual breadwinner model differ from the male-breadwinner model?
- It eliminates the need for childcare services.
- It recognizes both partners in a family as wage earners. (correct)
- It relies on a single male income for family stability.
- It suggests that all women can attain individual independence.
Which of the following statements about public and private spheres in relation to women's labor is true?
Which of the following statements about public and private spheres in relation to women's labor is true?
What transition is suggested regarding the male-breadwinner model in modern societies like Sweden?
What transition is suggested regarding the male-breadwinner model in modern societies like Sweden?
What is the expected role of married women in a strong male-breadwinner state?
What is the expected role of married women in a strong male-breadwinner state?
Which country is noted for its strong male-breadwinner model well into the late twentieth century?
Which country is noted for its strong male-breadwinner model well into the late twentieth century?
What impact did incoming electronics firms have on women's labor market participation in Ireland?
What impact did incoming electronics firms have on women's labor market participation in Ireland?
In the context of welfare states, what does a strong male-breadwinner model emphasize?
In the context of welfare states, what does a strong male-breadwinner model emphasize?
How did the labor market participation of women in Britain compare to that in Ireland during the late twentieth century?
How did the labor market participation of women in Britain compare to that in Ireland during the late twentieth century?
What was the focus of social policies in the male-breadwinner model?
What was the focus of social policies in the male-breadwinner model?
Which welfare state is seen as contrasting the strong male-breadwinner model mentioned in the content?
Which welfare state is seen as contrasting the strong male-breadwinner model mentioned in the content?
What percentage of the labor force in Ireland was female during the discussed period?
What percentage of the labor force in Ireland was female during the discussed period?
What does the presence of the male-breadwinner model imply for public support of domestic work?
What does the presence of the male-breadwinner model imply for public support of domestic work?
What characterizes the welfare states regarding social security entitlements for women?
What characterizes the welfare states regarding social security entitlements for women?
Why is the male-breadwinner model challenging for women's labor participation?
Why is the male-breadwinner model challenging for women's labor participation?
What notable characteristic of the French welfare model differentiates it from the traditional male-breadwinner model?
What notable characteristic of the French welfare model differentiates it from the traditional male-breadwinner model?
In the context of welfare regimes, what does the term 'decommodification of labor' primarily refer to?
In the context of welfare regimes, what does the term 'decommodification of labor' primarily refer to?
What is a critical issue in the structuring of modern welfare regimes as highlighted in recent analyses?
What is a critical issue in the structuring of modern welfare regimes as highlighted in recent analyses?
What role does the public-private divide play in welfare regimes concerning women's labor?
What role does the public-private divide play in welfare regimes concerning women's labor?
How has the male-breadwinner model affected women's access to welfare benefits?
How has the male-breadwinner model affected women's access to welfare benefits?
What change in women's labor participation is suggested by the recent country-specific examples in welfare regimes?
What change in women's labor participation is suggested by the recent country-specific examples in welfare regimes?
Which factor has influenced the restructuring of welfare states regarding women's employment in France?
Which factor has influenced the restructuring of welfare states regarding women's employment in France?
What is a consequence of the patriarchal control being localized within the family in welfare regimes?
What is a consequence of the patriarchal control being localized within the family in welfare regimes?
What implication does the male-breadwinner model have for unpaid female labor in society?
What implication does the male-breadwinner model have for unpaid female labor in society?
How did the development of welfare states affect the public and private spheres in relation to women's labor?
How did the development of welfare states affect the public and private spheres in relation to women's labor?
Which of the following best describes the impact of informal care on the welfare state model?
Which of the following best describes the impact of informal care on the welfare state model?
What is a significant critique of the male-breadwinner model in the context of modern labor markets?
What is a significant critique of the male-breadwinner model in the context of modern labor markets?
In what way does the interface between the state and informal caretaking challenge traditional welfare state models?
In what way does the interface between the state and informal caretaking challenge traditional welfare state models?
What role did Herbert Spencer attribute to women in the context of welfare and societal evolution?
What role did Herbert Spencer attribute to women in the context of welfare and societal evolution?
Which of the following best articulates the perceived societal progression regarding women and labor as discussed in feminist critiques?
Which of the following best articulates the perceived societal progression regarding women and labor as discussed in feminist critiques?
What does the term 'welfare dependency' imply in the context of women's roles within the welfare state?
What does the term 'welfare dependency' imply in the context of women's roles within the welfare state?
How does the introduction of family allowances relate to the male-breadwinner model?
How does the introduction of family allowances relate to the male-breadwinner model?
In discussions of welfare states, what is a significant critique regarding child care services?
In discussions of welfare states, what is a significant critique regarding child care services?
What aspect of public and private spheres in relation to women's labor does the feminist movement notably critique?
What aspect of public and private spheres in relation to women's labor does the feminist movement notably critique?
How have feminist critiques influenced perceptions of maternity rights in welfare policies?
How have feminist critiques influenced perceptions of maternity rights in welfare policies?
Which of the following best describes the impact of the welfare state on women’s labor market participation?
Which of the following best describes the impact of the welfare state on women’s labor market participation?
What is a common misconception about the patriarchal welfare state as discussed in feminist critiques?
What is a common misconception about the patriarchal welfare state as discussed in feminist critiques?
What role do child care services play in reinforcing or challenging the male-breadwinner model?
What role do child care services play in reinforcing or challenging the male-breadwinner model?
How do changing social policies reflect shifts in the feminist movement's influence?
How do changing social policies reflect shifts in the feminist movement's influence?
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Study Notes
Male-Breadwinner Model
- The male-breadwinner model has historically been used to understand women's position in society
- This model assumes the husband is the sole breadwinner and the wife is responsible for domestic work
- The male-breadwinner model influenced welfare systems, providing benefits to men and women based on their roles in the family
- The dual insurance/assistance model reinforced this gender divide, with men receiving "first-class" benefits while women were tied to their husband's status
The Male-Breadwinner Model in Welfare Regimes
- Ireland has historically been a strong male-breadwinner state, with low female labor participation until the late 20th century
- Britain is another example of a strong male-breadwinner state, though the "working mother" concept emerged during World War II, women's work was still seen as secondary
- France is seen as a country where the male-breadwinner model was implicit due to a focus on children rather than women's needs
- Sweden is considered a "weak" male-breadwinner country, shifting towards a dual-breadwinner model through policy changes like parental leave and childcare provision
The Limits of the Male-Breadwinner Model
- In reality, the private and public spheres are interconnected, and women have always participated in paid labor, often to some degree
- The family, including the role of women, has been essential for social welfare, undermining the notion of a clear separation between the private and public
- While policies in France and Sweden may offer more opportunities for women, they do not necessarily reflect women's demands
- Despite its strong feminist movement, Britain has had a strong male-breadwinner model, highlighting the potential fragility of gains and the need for ongoing advocacy.
Gender and Welfare
- The development of modern welfare states in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries coincided with the period when the boundary between the public world of paid work and the private domain of the family was strongest.
- The male-breadwinner model prescribed breadwinning for men and homemaking for women.
- The male-breadwinner model was part of a larger gendered division between public and private that informed the work of political philosophers after Locke.
- Herbert Spencer argued that society was 'progressing' towards a position whereby all women would be able to stay home in their 'natural' sphere.
- Informal care was absent from Titmuss's (1963) classic threefold division of welfare into state, fiscal and occupational provision.
Valuing Unpaid Work
- Recent comparative work on modern welfare states has emphasized the importance of the relationship between state and economy, and in particular between work and welfare.
- Work is defined as paid work and welfare as policies that permit, encourage or discourage the decommodification of labour.
- The problem of valuing the unpaid work done primarily by women in providing care is one of the central issues in the structuring of welfare regimes.
- The unequal division of unpaid work blurs the dichotomous divisions between dependent and independent, commodified and decommodified.
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