The Lymphatic System Quiz

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What are the two semi-independent parts of the lymphatic system?

Blood vessels and lymph nodes

Lymphoid tissues and dietary lipids

Lymphocytes and lymph nodes

Lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues and organs (correct)

What is one of the functions of the lymphatic system?

Transports carbon dioxide out of the body

Transports oxygen to the body

Transports glucose to the cells

Transports escaped fluids back to the blood (correct)

What essential role does the lymphatic system play in the body?

Body defense and resistance to disease (correct)

Production of red blood cells

Digestion of food

Regulation of body temperature

What is a primary function of the lymphatic system?

Transporting escaped fluids back to the blood Signup and view all the answers

How does the lymphatic system contribute to body defense and disease resistance?

By playing essential roles in body defense and resistance to disease Signup and view all the answers

What does the lymphatic system transport to the blood?

Dietary lipids Signup and view all the answers

What is carried by lymphatic vessels?

Excess tissue fluid and plasma proteins Signup and view all the answers

What occurs if fluids are not picked up by lymphatic vessels?

Edema occurs as fluid accumulates in tissues Signup and view all the answers

What do lymphatic vessels do with the excess fluid they pick up?

Return it to the blood Signup and view all the answers

What type of system do lymphatic vessels form?

One-way system toward the heart Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of flow in lymphatic vessels?

Toward the heart Signup and view all the answers

What anchors lymph capillaries to connective tissue?

Filaments Signup and view all the answers

How are flaplike minivalves formed in lymph capillaries?

Walls overlap Signup and view all the answers

What causes the closure of minivalves in lymph capillaries?

Higher pressure on the inside Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the fluid in lymph capillaries?

It leaks into lymph capillaries Signup and view all the answers

How is the fluid forced along the lymphatic vessel?

By the pressure of the surrounding tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the right lymphatic duct?

Drains the lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and thorax Signup and view all the answers

Where does the thoracic/left lymphatic duct drain lymph from?

Rest of the body Signup and view all the answers

What drains the lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and thorax?

Right Lymphatic duct Signup and view all the answers

Where do capillaries carry lymph to and away from?

Lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

What returns fluid to circulatory veins near the heart?

Capillaries Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of lymphatic vessels?

They are thin-walled Signup and view all the answers

How is lymph transported in the lymphatic vessels aided?

Milking action of skeletal muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is a feature of larger lymphatic vessels?

They have valves Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the harmful materials filtered by lymph nodes?

Cancer cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lymph nodes?

Filtering lymph Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of macrophages within lymph nodes?

Engulf and destroy foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses Signup and view all the answers

Which cells respond to foreign substances in the lymphatic system?

Lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What do lymph nodes contain for defense within the lymphatic system?

Macrophages and lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cortex of lymph nodes?

Contains follicles—collections of lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

Where are lymph nodes typically buried?

In connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of germinal centers in the medulla of lymph nodes?

Enlarges when antibodies are released by plasma cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the medulla in lymph nodes (non-specific)?

Contains phagocytic macrophages Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of the inner part of lymph nodes?

Medulla Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are found in the medulla of lymph nodes?

Phagocytic macrophages Signup and view all the answers

How does lymph exit the lymph nodes?

Through efferent lymphatic vessels Signup and view all the answers

In which direction does lymph flow through the lymph nodes?

Lymph flows through a number of sinuses inside the node Signup and view all the answers

Why is the flow of lymph slowed within the lymph nodes?

Due to fewer efferent than afferent vessels Signup and view all the answers

Through which vessels does lymph enter the convex side of the lymph nodes?

Afferent lymphatic vessels Signup and view all the answers

What are the organs of the lymphatic system?

Tonsils (all the above) Signup and view all the answers

Where is the spleen located?

On the left side of the abdomen Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the spleen?

Filters blood Signup and view all the answers

What does the spleen do in the fetus?

Forms blood cells Signup and view all the answers

Where is the thymus gland located?

Overlying the heart, body of sternum Signup and view all the answers

At what stage does the thymus gland function at peak levels?

Only during childhood Signup and view all the answers

What does the thymus gland produce to program lymphocytes?

Hormones like thymosin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of tonsils?

Trap and remove bacteria and other foreign materials Signup and view all the answers

Where are tonsils located in the body?

Around the pharynx Signup and view all the answers

What causes tonsillitis?

Congestion with bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Where are Peyer’s Patches found?

In the wall of the small intestine and appendix Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Peyer’s Patches?

Capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine Signup and view all the answers

How do Peyer’s Patches resemble tonsils?

In structure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered part of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)?

Peyer’s patches Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)?

Protect respiratory and digestive tracts Signup and view all the answers

What role does Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) play in the body's defense system?

Acts as a sentinel to protect respiratory and digestive tracts Signup and view all the answers

What are the two defense systems for foreign materials that form the immune system?

Innate (nonspecific) defense system and Adaptive (specific) defense system Signup and view all the answers

What is immunity?

Specific resistance to disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the body constantly in contact with?

Bacteria, fungi, and viruses Signup and view all the answers

Which defense system protects against a variety of invaders and responds immediately to foreign materials?

Innate defense system Signup and view all the answers

Which defense system requires specific defense for each type of invader?

Adaptive defense system Signup and view all the answers

Which defense system is the first line of defense and is nonspecific in nature?

Innate defense system Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of surface membrane barriers in the immune system?

To provide a physical barrier to foreign materials Signup and view all the answers

What role does the acidic pH of the skin play in the immune system's defense?

It inhibits bacterial growth Signup and view all the answers

How do vaginal secretions contribute to the immune system's defense?

They are very acidic, inhibiting microbial growth Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of saliva and lacrimal fluid in the immune system?

They contain lysozyme, an enzyme that destroys bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of stomach mucosa in the immune system?

It secretes hydrochloric acid and protein-digesting enzymes to kill pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of mucus in the immune system?

It traps microorganisms in the digestive and respiratory pathways Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense in the immune system?

Natural killer cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Natural Killer (NK) cells?

Lysing and killing cancer cells and virus-infected cells Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical released by Natural Killer (NK) cells targets the cell's membrane and nucleus, causing disintegration?

Perforin Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism through which Natural Killer (NK) cells cause disintegration of target cells?

Releasing a chemical called perforin Signup and view all the answers

What are the four most common indicators of acute inflammation?

Redness, heat, swelling, pain Signup and view all the answers

When is the inflammatory response triggered?

When body tissues are injured Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the inflammatory response?

Injured body tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the functions of the inflammatory response?

Prevents spread of damaging agents Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process through which inflammatory response disposes of cell debris and pathogens?

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What does the inflammatory response set the stage for?

Repair Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which neutrophils migrate to the area of inflammation?

Rolling along the vessel wall Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which neutrophils consume any foreign material present at the site of tissue injury?

Positive chemotaxis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which neutrophils squeeze through the capillary walls to reach the sites of inflammation?

Diapedesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of phagocytes such as neutrophils and macrophages in the immune system?

Engulf foreign material into a vacuole and digest it with enzymes from lysosomes Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a vacuole containing foreign material is fused with a lysosome in a phagocyte?

Enzymes from lysosomes digest the material Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are responsible for engulfing foreign material into a vacuole in the immune system?

Neutrophils and macrophages Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of antimicrobial proteins in enhancing innate defenses?

Attacking microorganisms directly Signup and view all the answers

Which proteins are considered the most important types of antimicrobial proteins?

Complement proteins and interferrons Signup and view all the answers

How do antimicrobial proteins hinder the reproduction of microorganisms?

By interfering with the reproduction process Signup and view all the answers

What is complement fixation in relation to complement proteins?

Activation of plasma proteins when they encounter and attach to cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of complement fixation?

Production of membrane attack complexes (MACs) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of membrane attack complexes (MACs) produced as a result of complement fixation?

Produce lesions in cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of interferons?

To interfere with the ability of viruses to multiply Signup and view all the answers

Where do interferons bind in healthy cells?

Membrane receptors Signup and view all the answers

What secretes interferons?

Virus-infected cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of abnormally high body temperature as a systemic response to invasion by microorganisms?

Secretion of pyrogens by white blood cells Signup and view all the answers

How does fever inhibit the release of iron and zinc, which are needed by bacteria?

By increasing the speed of repair processes Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of pyrogens in the context of fever?

Resetting the hypothalamus thermostat higher Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of immunity called?

Immunology Signup and view all the answers

What are proteins that protect from pathogens called?

Antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the body’s specific defense system also known as?

Adaptive body defenses Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of adaptive defense?

Antigen specificity Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the systemic aspect of adaptive defense?

Not restricted to the initial infection site Signup and view all the answers

What does the memory aspect of adaptive defense involve?

Recognition and stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary target of cellular immunity?

Targets virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and cells of foreign grafts Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of humoral immunity?

It is antibody-mediated Signup and view all the answers

What does adaptive body defense refer to?

Long-term protection against specific pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a common antigen?

Foreign proteins Signup and view all the answers

What type of substance is capable of exciting the immune system and provoking an immune response?

Antigens Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the adaptive defense aspect of memory?

It recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What defines the systemic aspect of adaptive defense?

Not restricted to the initial infection site Signup and view all the answers

Why do our immune cells not attack our own proteins?

Our own proteins are recognized as self-antigens Signup and view all the answers

What triggers an immune response when present in another person’s body?

Presence of our cells Signup and view all the answers

Why can the presence of our cells in another person’s body restrict donors for transplants?

Due to the potential immune response triggered by our cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason the presence of our cells in another person’s body can restrict donors for transplants?

Our immune system may recognize our cells as foreign and trigger an immune response Signup and view all the answers

What are the crucial cells of the adaptive defense system?

B lymphocytes (B cells) & T cells Signup and view all the answers

Which cells help the lymphocytes but do not respond to specific antigens?

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) Signup and view all the answers

Where do T cells develop immunocompetence?

Thymus Signup and view all the answers

Where do B cells develop immunocompetence?

Bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

Where do lymphocytes arise from hemocytoblasts?

Bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What activates B lymphocytes to undergo clonal selection in the humoral immune response?

Binding of specific receptors to a specific antigen Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of clonal selection in the humoral immune response?

Production of a large number of clones Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the primary humoral response in the immune system?

Generation of a large number of clones Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of most B cells in the humoral immune response?

Produce antibodies to destroy antigens Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of long-lived memory cells in the humoral immune response?

Mount a rapid attack against the same antigen in subsequent meetings Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of most B cells in the humoral immune response?

Differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibodies Signup and view all the answers

How long does the activity of plasma cells typically last?

4 or 5 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of antibodies produced by plasma cells?

Destroy antigens Signup and view all the answers

What is active immunity?

Immunity that occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies Signup and view all the answers

When does active immunity occur?

When B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies Signup and view all the answers

How is active immunity acquired?

Naturally during bacterial and viral infections, and artificially from vaccines Signup and view all the answers

What is passive immunity?

Immunity obtained from someone else's antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What does passive immunity lack compared to active immunity?

Immunological memory Signup and view all the answers

How is passive immunity artificially acquired?

From immune serum or gamma globulin Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary example of the uses for monoclonal antibodies?

Diagnosis of pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

From where are monoclonal antibodies produced?

Descendants of a single cell line Signup and view all the answers

What are monoclonal antibodies primarily prepared for clinical testing for?

Diagnostic services Signup and view all the answers

What are antibodies?

Soluble proteins secreted by sensitized B cells (plasma cells) Signup and view all the answers

Where are antibodies carried?

In blood plasma Signup and view all the answers

What is the capability of antibodies?

Capable of binding specifically to an antigen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cytotoxic (killer) T cells?

Killing infected cells Signup and view all the answers

What do T cell clones primarily refer to?

Identical T cells derived from the same parent cell Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune response do T cell clones primarily contribute to?

Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune Response Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of regulatory T cells in the cellular immune response?

Release chemicals to suppress the activity of T and B cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue graft is most commonly used?

Allografts Signup and view all the answers

From which source are xenografts obtained?

Different animal species Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for tissue transplanted from one site to another on the same person?

Autografts Signup and view all the answers