144 Questions
What are the two semi-independent parts of the lymphatic system?
Lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues and organs
What is one of the functions of the lymphatic system?
Transports escaped fluids back to the blood
What essential role does the lymphatic system play in the body?
Body defense and resistance to disease
What is a primary function of the lymphatic system?
Transporting escaped fluids back to the blood
How does the lymphatic system contribute to body defense and disease resistance?
By playing essential roles in body defense and resistance to disease
What does the lymphatic system transport to the blood?
Dietary lipids
What is carried by lymphatic vessels?
Excess tissue fluid and plasma proteins
What occurs if fluids are not picked up by lymphatic vessels?
Edema occurs as fluid accumulates in tissues
What do lymphatic vessels do with the excess fluid they pick up?
Return it to the blood
What type of system do lymphatic vessels form?
One-way system toward the heart
What is the direction of flow in lymphatic vessels?
Toward the heart
What anchors lymph capillaries to connective tissue?
Filaments
How are flaplike minivalves formed in lymph capillaries?
Walls overlap
What causes the closure of minivalves in lymph capillaries?
Higher pressure on the inside
What happens to the fluid in lymph capillaries?
It leaks into lymph capillaries
How is the fluid forced along the lymphatic vessel?
By the pressure of the surrounding tissues
What is the function of the right lymphatic duct?
Drains the lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and thorax
Where does the thoracic/left lymphatic duct drain lymph from?
Rest of the body
What drains the lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and thorax?
Right Lymphatic duct
Where do capillaries carry lymph to and away from?
Lymph nodes
What returns fluid to circulatory veins near the heart?
Capillaries
What is a characteristic of lymphatic vessels?
They are thin-walled
How is lymph transported in the lymphatic vessels aided?
Milking action of skeletal muscles
What is a feature of larger lymphatic vessels?
They have valves
What is one of the harmful materials filtered by lymph nodes?
Cancer cells
What is the primary function of lymph nodes?
Filtering lymph
What is the function of macrophages within lymph nodes?
Engulf and destroy foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses
Which cells respond to foreign substances in the lymphatic system?
Lymphocytes
What do lymph nodes contain for defense within the lymphatic system?
Macrophages and lymphocytes
What is the primary function of the cortex of lymph nodes?
Contains follicles—collections of lymphocytes
Where are lymph nodes typically buried?
In connective tissue
What is the role of germinal centers in the medulla of lymph nodes?
Enlarges when antibodies are released by plasma cells
What is the primary function of the medulla in lymph nodes (non-specific)?
Contains phagocytic macrophages
What is the main component of the inner part of lymph nodes?
Medulla
What type of cells are found in the medulla of lymph nodes?
Phagocytic macrophages
How does lymph exit the lymph nodes?
Through efferent lymphatic vessels
In which direction does lymph flow through the lymph nodes?
Lymph flows through a number of sinuses inside the node
Why is the flow of lymph slowed within the lymph nodes?
Due to fewer efferent than afferent vessels
Through which vessels does lymph enter the convex side of the lymph nodes?
Afferent lymphatic vessels
What are the organs of the lymphatic system?
Tonsils (all the above)
Where is the spleen located?
On the left side of the abdomen
What is the function of the spleen?
Filters blood
What does the spleen do in the fetus?
Forms blood cells
Where is the thymus gland located?
Overlying the heart, body of sternum
At what stage does the thymus gland function at peak levels?
Only during childhood
What does the thymus gland produce to program lymphocytes?
Hormones like thymosin
What is the primary function of tonsils?
Trap and remove bacteria and other foreign materials
Where are tonsils located in the body?
Around the pharynx
What causes tonsillitis?
Congestion with bacteria
Where are Peyer’s Patches found?
In the wall of the small intestine and appendix
What is the function of Peyer’s Patches?
Capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine
How do Peyer’s Patches resemble tonsils?
In structure
Which of the following is considered part of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)?
Peyer’s patches
What is the primary function of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)?
Protect respiratory and digestive tracts
What role does Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) play in the body's defense system?
Acts as a sentinel to protect respiratory and digestive tracts
What are the two defense systems for foreign materials that form the immune system?
Innate (nonspecific) defense system and Adaptive (specific) defense system
What is immunity?
Specific resistance to disease
What is the body constantly in contact with?
Bacteria, fungi, and viruses
Which defense system protects against a variety of invaders and responds immediately to foreign materials?
Innate defense system
Which defense system requires specific defense for each type of invader?
Adaptive defense system
Which defense system is the first line of defense and is nonspecific in nature?
Innate defense system
What is the primary function of surface membrane barriers in the immune system?
To provide a physical barrier to foreign materials
What role does the acidic pH of the skin play in the immune system's defense?
It inhibits bacterial growth
How do vaginal secretions contribute to the immune system's defense?
They are very acidic, inhibiting microbial growth
What is the function of saliva and lacrimal fluid in the immune system?
They contain lysozyme, an enzyme that destroys bacteria
What is the role of stomach mucosa in the immune system?
It secretes hydrochloric acid and protein-digesting enzymes to kill pathogens
What is the function of mucus in the immune system?
It traps microorganisms in the digestive and respiratory pathways
Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense in the immune system?
Natural killer cells
What is the primary function of Natural Killer (NK) cells?
Lysing and killing cancer cells and virus-infected cells
Which chemical released by Natural Killer (NK) cells targets the cell's membrane and nucleus, causing disintegration?
Perforin
What is the mechanism through which Natural Killer (NK) cells cause disintegration of target cells?
Releasing a chemical called perforin
What are the four most common indicators of acute inflammation?
Redness, heat, swelling, pain
When is the inflammatory response triggered?
When body tissues are injured
What triggers the inflammatory response?
Injured body tissues
What is one of the functions of the inflammatory response?
Prevents spread of damaging agents
What is the primary process through which inflammatory response disposes of cell debris and pathogens?
Phagocytosis
What does the inflammatory response set the stage for?
Repair
What is the process by which neutrophils migrate to the area of inflammation?
Rolling along the vessel wall
What is the term for the process by which neutrophils consume any foreign material present at the site of tissue injury?
Positive chemotaxis
What is the term for the process by which neutrophils squeeze through the capillary walls to reach the sites of inflammation?
Diapedesis
What is the primary function of phagocytes such as neutrophils and macrophages in the immune system?
Engulf foreign material into a vacuole and digest it with enzymes from lysosomes
What happens when a vacuole containing foreign material is fused with a lysosome in a phagocyte?
Enzymes from lysosomes digest the material
Which cells are responsible for engulfing foreign material into a vacuole in the immune system?
Neutrophils and macrophages
What is the primary function of antimicrobial proteins in enhancing innate defenses?
Attacking microorganisms directly
Which proteins are considered the most important types of antimicrobial proteins?
Complement proteins and interferrons
How do antimicrobial proteins hinder the reproduction of microorganisms?
By interfering with the reproduction process
What is complement fixation in relation to complement proteins?
Activation of plasma proteins when they encounter and attach to cells
What is the result of complement fixation?
Production of membrane attack complexes (MACs)
What is the role of membrane attack complexes (MACs) produced as a result of complement fixation?
Produce lesions in cells
What is the primary function of interferons?
To interfere with the ability of viruses to multiply
Where do interferons bind in healthy cells?
Membrane receptors
What secretes interferons?
Virus-infected cells
What is the primary cause of abnormally high body temperature as a systemic response to invasion by microorganisms?
Secretion of pyrogens by white blood cells
How does fever inhibit the release of iron and zinc, which are needed by bacteria?
By increasing the speed of repair processes
What is the role of pyrogens in the context of fever?
Resetting the hypothalamus thermostat higher
What is the study of immunity called?
Immunology
What are proteins that protect from pathogens called?
Antibodies
What is the body’s specific defense system also known as?
Adaptive body defenses
What is a key aspect of adaptive defense?
Antigen specificity
What characterizes the systemic aspect of adaptive defense?
Not restricted to the initial infection site
What does the memory aspect of adaptive defense involve?
Recognition and stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens
What is the primary target of cellular immunity?
Targets virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and cells of foreign grafts
What is the main characteristic of humoral immunity?
It is antibody-mediated
What does adaptive body defense refer to?
Long-term protection against specific pathogens
Which of the following is an example of a common antigen?
Foreign proteins
What type of substance is capable of exciting the immune system and provoking an immune response?
Antigens
What characterizes the adaptive defense aspect of memory?
It recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens
What defines the systemic aspect of adaptive defense?
Not restricted to the initial infection site
Why do our immune cells not attack our own proteins?
Our own proteins are recognized as self-antigens
What triggers an immune response when present in another person’s body?
Presence of our cells
Why can the presence of our cells in another person’s body restrict donors for transplants?
Due to the potential immune response triggered by our cells
What is the primary reason the presence of our cells in another person’s body can restrict donors for transplants?
Our immune system may recognize our cells as foreign and trigger an immune response
What are the crucial cells of the adaptive defense system?
B lymphocytes (B cells) & T cells
Which cells help the lymphocytes but do not respond to specific antigens?
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
Where do T cells develop immunocompetence?
Thymus
Where do B cells develop immunocompetence?
Bone marrow
Where do lymphocytes arise from hemocytoblasts?
Bone marrow
What activates B lymphocytes to undergo clonal selection in the humoral immune response?
Binding of specific receptors to a specific antigen
What is the result of clonal selection in the humoral immune response?
Production of a large number of clones
What is the primary characteristic of the primary humoral response in the immune system?
Generation of a large number of clones
What is the primary function of most B cells in the humoral immune response?
Produce antibodies to destroy antigens
What is the role of long-lived memory cells in the humoral immune response?
Mount a rapid attack against the same antigen in subsequent meetings
What is the primary function of most B cells in the humoral immune response?
Differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibodies
How long does the activity of plasma cells typically last?
4 or 5 days
What is the main function of antibodies produced by plasma cells?
Destroy antigens
What is active immunity?
Immunity that occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies
When does active immunity occur?
When B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies
How is active immunity acquired?
Naturally during bacterial and viral infections, and artificially from vaccines
What is passive immunity?
Immunity obtained from someone else's antibodies
What does passive immunity lack compared to active immunity?
Immunological memory
How is passive immunity artificially acquired?
From immune serum or gamma globulin
What is a primary example of the uses for monoclonal antibodies?
Diagnosis of pregnancy
From where are monoclonal antibodies produced?
Descendants of a single cell line
What are monoclonal antibodies primarily prepared for clinical testing for?
Diagnostic services
What are antibodies?
Soluble proteins secreted by sensitized B cells (plasma cells)
Where are antibodies carried?
In blood plasma
What is the capability of antibodies?
Capable of binding specifically to an antigen
What is the primary function of cytotoxic (killer) T cells?
Killing infected cells
What do T cell clones primarily refer to?
Identical T cells derived from the same parent cell
Which type of immune response do T cell clones primarily contribute to?
Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune Response
What is the primary function of regulatory T cells in the cellular immune response?
Release chemicals to suppress the activity of T and B cells
Which type of tissue graft is most commonly used?
Allografts
From which source are xenografts obtained?
Different animal species
What is the term for tissue transplanted from one site to another on the same person?
Autografts
Test your knowledge of the lymphatic system with this quiz. Explore the functions, components, and roles of this vital body system, including the transport of fluids, defense against disease, and lipid transportation.
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