The Lymphatic System

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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes the lymphatic system's role in fluid balance from that of the circulatory system?

  • The lymphatic system directly pumps fluid back into the heart, while the circulatory system relies on osmosis.
  • The lymphatic system filters and returns interstitial fluid to the bloodstream, while the circulatory system primarily transports blood. (correct)
  • The lymphatic system regulates blood pressure, while the circulatory system controls fluid volume.
  • The lymphatic system is responsible for delivering nutrients to tissues, while the circulatory system removes waste.

Why is the lymphatic system considered an important component of the digestive system?

  • It neutralizes stomach acid before it enters the small intestine.
  • It absorbs and transports fatty acids and fats, which are not directly absorbed by the blood capillaries. (correct)
  • It produces digestive enzymes that break down fats and carbohydrates.
  • It regulates blood sugar levels after a meal.

What is the immunological function of white blood cells and dendritic cells transported by the lymphatic system?

  • They defend the body against pathogens and initiate immune responses. (correct)
  • They transport oxygen to tissues and remove carbon dioxide.
  • They facilitate the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine.
  • They produce hormones that regulate metabolism.

How do lymphatic vessels ensure unidirectional flow of lymph?

<p>Through one-way valves that prevent backflow. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary characteristic of lymph nodes enables them to effectively filter lymph?

<p>Their fibrous partitions create compartments where immune cells can interact with foreign substances. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the spleen contribute to the body's defense mechanisms?

<p>By filtering the blood, removing damaged cells and pathogens, and serving as a site for lymphocyte activation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific function does the thymus serve in the development of the immune system?

<p>It is the site of T-lymphocyte maturation, development, and control. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do tonsils protect the body from infection?

<p>By acting as a barrier against pathogens entering through the nose and mouth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do antibodies (immunoglobulins) contribute to the body's defense against pathogens?

<p>They are special proteins that fight off and destroy disease-causing germs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between innate and adaptive immunity?

<p>Innate immunity responds immediately to pathogens, while adaptive immunity develops over time after exposure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does acquired immunity differ from innate immunity in its response to pathogens?

<p>Acquired immunity recognizes and targets specific antigens, exhibiting memory for future encounters. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does active immunity develop after vaccination?

<p>By stimulating the body to produce its own antibodies and memory cells in response to a nonpathogenic form of a microbe. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what situation is passive immunity most beneficial?

<p>When the body needs an immediate, short-term protection against a pathogen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the transfer of IgG antibodies from a mother to her fetus exemplify passive immunity?

<p>It provides the fetus with immediate, short-term protection against pathogens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of lymphedema?

<p>Blockage of lymph vessels, leading to fluid accumulation in tissues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are opportunistic infections a major concern for individuals with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)?

<p>Because AIDS severely damages the immune system, making individuals susceptible to infections that a healthy immune system could easily fight off. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient has a disease resulting in the removal of their tonsils, which immune function would be most directly affected?

<p>Protection against pathogens entering through the mouth and nose. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would the removal of a person's spleen impact their immune system?

<p>Their ability to filter antigens from the blood decreases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Immunoglobulin A (IgA)?

<p>Found in exocrine gland secretions (breast milk, saliva, tears) and defends against bacteria and viruses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is investigating a new drug that aims to enhance the adaptive immune response. Which cellular process should the drug primarily target to achieve this goal?

<p>Improving the specificity and memory of T and B cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is diagnosed with a condition that impairs the function of lymphatic vessels in the small intestine. Which of the following processes would be most directly affected by this condition?

<p>Transport of dietary fats from the digestive system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A child is born with a genetic defect that results in the absence of a functional thymus. What long-term immune deficiency would this child likely experience?

<p>Impaired maturation and function of T lymphocytes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher discovers a new virus that specifically targets and destroys dendritic cells. What effect would this virus likely have on the adaptive immune response?

<p>Overall reduction in antibody production due to failure to activate T-cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient receiving a blood transfusion experiences an adverse reaction. Which immunoglobulin is most likely involved?

<p>IgM (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Lymphatic System's Function

Responsible for fluid balance by filtering interstitial fluid and returning it to the bloodstream.

Fat Transport Role

Absorbs and transports fatty acids and fats from the digestive system.

Immune Cell Transport

Transports white blood cells and dendritic cells for the body's defense system.

Lymph (Lymphatic Fluid)

Fluid in the lymphatic system originating from interstitial fluid, containing nutrients, oxygen, hormones, fatty acids, toxins and cellular waste.

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Lymph Vessels

One-way valve vessels connected to lymphatic capillaries, transporting lymph to veins of the cardiovascular system.

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Lymph Nodes

Lymphatic tissue clusters, separated by fibrous partitions, defending the body against foreign substances and are sites of hemopoiesis (T and B Lymphocytes).

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Spleen

Found above and behind the cardiac portion of the stomach; contains white pulp (lymphocytes) and red pulp (filters the blood).

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Tonsils

Lymphoepithelial tissues in the mouth and throat protecting the body against pathogens entering from the nose and mouth.

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Thymus

Located in the thoracic cavity; site of T-lymphocyte maturation, development, and control.

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Antibodies

Special proteins that fight off and destroy disease-causing germs.

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Antigen

Foreign substance introduced into the body causing an immune response; molecules produced by the body.

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Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

Is in tissue fluid and plasma, it defends against bacterial cells, viruses, and toxins. Activates complement, a group of immune system enzymes.

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Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

Is in exocrine gland secretions (breast milk, saliva, tears) and defends against bacteria and viruses.

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Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

Is found in plasma and activates complement and reacts with blood cells during transfusions.

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Immunoglobulin D (IgD)

Can be found on surface of B cells, especially those of infants. It activates B cells

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Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

Is found in exocrine gland secretions and promotes allergic reactions.

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Innate Immunity

Nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body.

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Adaptive Immunity

Immunity that develops after exposure to agents such as microbes, toxins, or other foreign substances. It involves a very specific response to pathogens.

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Acquired Immunity

Specific immunity because it tailors its attack to a specific antigen previously encountered. Its hallmarks are its ability to learn, adapt, and remember.

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Active Immunity

Develops naturally when memory cells form clones in response to an infection and can also develop following immunization, also called vaccination.

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Passive Immunity

Provides immediate, short-term protection. Is conferred naturally when IgG crosses the placenta from mother to fetus or when IgA passes from mother to infant in breast milk.

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Lymphedema

Lymphatic disorder with obstruction, lymph fluid builds up in the tissues.

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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Caused by a retrovirus called human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Most severe phase of HIV infection; damages immune systems leading to opportunistic infections.

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Study Notes

Lymphatic System Functions

  • Responsible for the fluid balance in the body
  • Interstitial fluid is filtered and returned to the bloodstream
  • Absorbs and transports fatty acids and fats from the digestive system
  • Transports white blood cells and dendritic cells for the body's defense

Lymph (Lymphatic Fluid)

  • A fluid originating from interstitial fluid that enters lymphatic vessels
  • Contains nutrients, oxygen, hormones, fatty acids, toxins, and cellular waste products

Lymph Vessels

  • One-way valve vessels connected to lymphatic capillaries
  • Transport lymph from peripheral tissues to the veins of the cardiovascular system

Lymph Nodes

  • Lymphatic tissue clusters separated by fibrous partitions
  • Defence against foreign substances
  • Sites of hemopoiesis, contains T- and B-lymphocytes

Spleen

  • Mass of lymphatic tissue above and behind the cardiac portion of the stomach
  • Contains white pulp, which is the site of lymphocytes
  • Contains red pulp, which filters the blood

Tonsils

  • Lymphoepithelial tissues in the mouth and throat
  • Protects the body against pathogens and harmful microorganisms entering from the nose and mouth

Thymus

  • Located in the thoracic cavity between the trachea and sternum, superior to the heart
  • Site of T-lymphocyte maturation, development, and control

Immunity: Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)

  • Special proteins, Antibodies fight off and destroy disease-causing germs
  • Antigen: Foreign substances introduced into the body that cause an immune response

Types of Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)

  • Immunoglobulin G (IgG): Defends against bacterial cells, viruses, and toxins in tissue fluid and plasma, activates complement
  • Immunoglobulin A (IgA): Defends against bacteria and viruses in exocrine gland secretions like breast milk, saliva, and tears
  • Immunoglobulin M (IgM): Found in plasma, activates complement and reacts with blood cells during transfusions
  • Immunoglobulin D (IgD): Found on the surface of B cells, especially in infants
  • Immunoglobulin E (IgE): Found in exocrine gland secretions, promotes allergic reactions

Innate Immunity

  • Serves as the first defense against invaders
  • Involves nonspecific defense mechanisms that activate quickly after an antigen's entry, within hours

Adaptive Immunity

  • Develops after exposure to microbes, toxins, or other foreign substance
  • Involves a very specific response to pathogens

Acquired Immunity

  • Also known as specific immunity, tailoring its attack to a specific antigen previously encountered
  • Can learn, adapt, and remember

Active Immunity

  • Develops naturally when memory cells form clones in response to an infection
  • Can also develop following immunization or vaccination
  • In immunization, a nonpathogenic form of a microbe or part of a microbe elicits an immune response to create an immunological memory

Passive Immunity

  • Immediate, short-term protection
  • Occurs naturally when IgG crosses the placenta from mother to fetus or when IgA passes from mother to infant in breast milk

Lymphatic System Diseases

  • Lymphedema: Lymphatic disorder involving obstruction and buildup of lymph fluid in the tissues
  • Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS): Caused by HIV, a retrovirus, and suppresses the immune system, leading to opportunistic infections like tuberculosis

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