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The Journey of Proteins
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The Journey of Proteins

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Questions and Answers

Which process involves the shaping of a protein after the translation process?

  • Post translational modification (correct)
  • Protein folding
  • Protein sorting
  • Protein degradation

    • What is the primary sequence of a protein?

  • The degradation process of the protein
  • The folded and formed protein
  • The sequence of amino acids glued together (correct)
  • The final destination of the protein

    • What is required for a protein to be functional?

  • A stretch of amino acids
  • Protein sorting
  • Protein degradation
  • Protein folding (correct)

    • What is the main focus of protein sorting?

    <p>Directing proteins to their final destination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a protein after it has done its job?

    <p>Protein degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the formation of a protein with a tertiary structure?

    <p>Protein folding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two ways of forming a protein before reaching the tertiary structure?

    <p>Plated sheet and alpha helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of post translational modification?

    <p>Protein sorting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the death of a protein?

    <p>Protein degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the delicate and complex process involved in directing proteins to their final destination?

    <p>Protein sorting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of secondary structure in proteins?

    <p>Quaternary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of protein is most likely to have plated sheets as a secondary structure?

    <p>Structural proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure of a protein?

    <p>A stretch of amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many different proteins can be made with 20 amino acids?

    <p>10^78</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a protein consists of 60 amino acids, how many different proteins can be made?

    <p>10^78</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

    <p>A combination of several tertiary structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mathematical formula to calculate the number of possible peptides from a chain with N amino acids?

    <p>N^20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many different tripeptides can be made with 3 amino acids?

    <p>8,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of protein secondary structure?

    <p>Tertiary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the random coil in a protein?

    <p>To denote parts of the protein that are not yet understood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid contains a sulfur group?

    <p>Cysteine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bonds are formed between cysteines in a protein?

    <p>Covalent bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bridges can be formed between polar groups in a protein?

    <p>Hydrogen bridges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bridges can be formed between ionized groups in a protein?

    <p>Salt bridges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of interactions involve polar and non-polar side chains in a protein?

    <p>Hydrophobic interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of interactions are especially involved in hydrophobic interactions?

    <p>Non-polar side chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of interactions are involved in the folding of a protein?

    <p>Hydrophobic interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bridges can be formed between side chains with a similar charge in a protein?

    <p>Metal bridges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element plays a very important role in protein folding?

    <p>Magnesium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the formation of a protein with a tertiary structure?

    <p>Folding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country is mentioned as being warm compared to Dutch standards in the text?

    <p>Spain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what happens to your body after half a year of living in Helsinki?

    <p>It becomes more resistant to cold temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows us to accommodate two different environments, such as different temperatures, according to the text?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the total of secondary structure elements folded specifically to a compact form, which is a protein?

    <p>TATCH-HER structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of secondary structure in proteins?

    <p>TATCH-HER structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of secondary structure mentioned in the text?

    <p>Alpha helix and beta-plated sheet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, why do we have an enormous possibility to make a huge amount of proteins?

    <p>Because we can generate certain proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the TATCH-HER structure, according to the text?

    <p>Protein folding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the random coil in a protein, according to the text?

    <p>To increase protein diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the shaping of a protein after the translation process?

    <p>Post-translational modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of proteolysis in post-translational modifications?

    <p>To remove unnecessary amino acids from proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of removing the first amino acid (methionine) from a protein?

    <p>To make the protein fully functional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of dysulfide bridges in post-translational modifications?

    <p>To modify the structure of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of hydroxylation in post-translational modifications?

    <p>To modify the structure of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chaperones in protein folding?

    <p>To assist in the formation and folding of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to misfolded proteins that cannot be correctly folded?

    <p>They are degraded by the proteasome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of protein misfolding and accumulation?

    <p>Formation of amyloid fibrils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the proteasome in protein degradation?

    <p>To degrade misfolded proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when misfolded proteins escape normal degradation and start to accumulate?

    <p>Protein aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a role of chaperones in protein folding?

    <p>Transportation to the Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle primarily facilitates protein folding?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of molecular chaperones in protein folding?

    <p>They help in folding proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does glycosylation primarily take place?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are phosphorylation and dephosphorylation processes involved in?

    <p>Post-translational modifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of phospholation and defosolation in the body?

    <p>They are involved in various physiological processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the protein class that helps in folding proteins?

    <p>Chaperones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of post-translational modifications?

    <p>Further shaping proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does protein folding primarily take place?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process that involves the addition of sugar molecules to proteins?

    <p>Glycosylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in protein modification?

    <p>Further modification of glycosylated proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about protein glycosylation?

    <p>It is important for stability of proteins in the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of protein kinases?

    <p>To add a phosphate group to a protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of protein phosphorylation in cell signaling?

    <p>It activates proteins involved in glucose transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of protein phosphatases?

    <p>To remove a phosphate group from a protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acids can be phosphorylated in proteins?

    <p>Serine, threonine, and tyrosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between protein phosphorylation and protein activity?

    <p>Phosphorylation can both activate and deactivate proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of insulin in glucose transport?

    <p>It stimulates the insertion of glucose transporters into the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the enzyme that removes phosphate groups from proteins?

    <p>Protein phosphatase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of protein phosphorylation in cell cycling processes?

    <p>It plays a role in activating and deactivating proteins involved in cell cycling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of glycosylated proteins in viral infections?

    <p>To hide viral proteins from immune recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a reason why scientists are concerned about the onset of Alzheimer's disease occurring at an earlier age?

    <p>Misfolded proteins are accumulating in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of glycosylation of proteins?

    <p>To add stability to proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sugars is NOT mentioned as part of the complex sugar trees found in glycoproteins?

    <p>Anacetylneuromininic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do glycoproteins have complex sugar trees?

    <p>To increase protein stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range of people who used to primarily develop Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>60-70 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of adding a sugar tree on top of a protein?

    <p>Glycosylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the body?

    <p>Protein misfolding diseases like Alzheimer's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of scientists studying the onset of Alzheimer's disease at an earlier age?

    <p>Identifying the cause of the earlier onset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the sugar mentioned in the text that is part of the complex sugar trees found in glycoproteins?

    <p>Mannose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are scientists concerned about the accumulation of misfolded proteins in society?

    <p>It is leading to an earlier onset of Alzheimer's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is heavily dependent on correct phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of certain proteins in the signaling pathway?

    <p>Proteolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step to activate insulin?

    <p>Proteolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid is usually hydroxylated in proteins?

    <p>Proline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of insulin?

    <p>To regulate glucose transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which post-translational modification is connected to the stability of protein integrity?

    <p>Hydroxylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the inactive form of insulin maintained by?

    <p>Formation of disulfide bridges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of post-translational modifications?

    <p>To modify proteins after translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pancreas in insulin secretion?

    <p>To secrete insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of protein structure is most likely to have plated sheets?

    <p>Secondary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the irreversible reduction of insulin necessary for?

    <p>To make active insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is necessary for the conversion of iron two plus to iron three plus in the reaction described in the text?

    <p>Vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of collagen in the body?

    <p>To provide stability to the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the process of collagen cross-linking is derailed?

    <p>Loose collagen fibers form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a shortage of vitamin C in the body?

    <p>Hydroxyproline cannot be rehydroxylized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appearance of the skin in scurvy?

    <p>Bleeding and loose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hydroxyproline in collagen?

    <p>To hydroxylize proline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of vitamin C in collagen synthesis?

    <p>To hydroxylize proline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be observed in electron microscope images of collagen fibers with proper cross-linking?

    <p>Strong connections between collagen proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of scurvy?

    <p>A shortage of vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of loose collagen fibers in the skin?

    <p>Red color and weak structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transport route is used to transport proteins from the cytosol to the nucleus?

    <p>Gated transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transport route is used to transport proteins from the cytosol to peroxisomes?

    <p>Transmembrane transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transport route is used to transport proteins from the cytosol to mitochondria?

    <p>Transmembrane transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transport route is used to transport proteins from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Transmembrane transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transport route is used to transport proteins from the Golgi to the cell exterior?

    <p>Vesicular transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transport route is used to transport proteins from the cell exterior to early endosomes?

    <p>Vesicular transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transport route is used to transport proteins from early endosomes to late endosomes?

    <p>Vesicular transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transport route is used to transport proteins from late endosomes to lysosomes?

    <p>Vesicular transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transport route is used to transport proteins from the Golgi to secretory vesicles?

    <p>Vesicular transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transport route is used to transport proteins from the Golgi to the cell exterior without regulation?

    <p>Constitutive pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle does a protein need to be imported into if it contains a sequence of amino acids with lysine, lysine, lysine, arginine, lysine in the primary sequence?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chaperone proteins in protein transport?

    <p>They transport the protein to its final destination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of post-translational modifications?

    <p>To direct the protein to its final destination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sequences of amino acids is a signal for protein transport to the nucleus?

    <p>Proline, proline, lysine, arginine, lysine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does protein phospholation usually take place?

    <p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the primary sequence in proteins?

    <p>To determine the protein's final destination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a possible destination for a protein within a cell?

    <p>Plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of lysine and arginine in protein transport?

    <p>To act as signals for protein transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a possible destination for a protein within a cell?

    <p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the post-translational process in protein transport?

    <p>To determine the protein's final destination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ton complex in the mitochondria?

    <p>To transport proteins from the cytosol to the mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the TIM complex in the mitochondria?

    <p>To insert the protein into the inner membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the signal peptide of a protein after it reaches its destination in the mitochondria?

    <p>It is cleaved off</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the nuclear import receptor?

    <p>To recognize the nuclear import signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of RON GDP in the nuclear import and export process?

    <p>To bind to the nuclear import receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle contains two membranes?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for the transport of molecules between the cytosol and the nucleus?

    <p>Nuclear pore complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the tom complex in the mitochondria?

    <p>To transport proteins from the cytosol to the mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport is used for larger molecules to pass through the nuclear pore complex?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of HP70 in protein import in the mitochondria?

    <p>To hydrolyze ATP for protein import</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nuclear import receptors in the transport of proteins into the nucleus?

    <p>To recognize and transport proteins with a nuclear localization signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nuclear import receptors?

    <p>To transport proteins into the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nuclear export receptor?

    <p>To transport proteins from the nucleus to the cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of molecules that can pass through the nuclear pore complex via free diffusion?

    <p>Small size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of hydrolyzing RON GDP to RON GDP in the nuclear import and export process?

    <p>To release the cargo from the nuclear export receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the cytosol compared to the nucleus?

    <p>Similar salts and pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the transport between equal compartments with similar conditions?

    <p>Equilibrium transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the double layer of membranes in the nucleus?

    <p>To protect the genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the proteins that make up the nuclear pore complex?

    <p>Nuclear pore proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nuclear pore complex?

    <p>To transport molecules between the cytosol and nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the endoplasmic reticulum in a cell?

    <p>Synthesizing proteins within the cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell is specifically designed for exocrine function?

    <p>Pancreatic beta cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the majority composition of the cytosol in an exocrine cell?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the signal sequence in protein import into the endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Telling the ribosome to go to the ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the signal peptide no longer necessary for protein import into the ER?

    <p>When the protein is fully translated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the ER network in a cell?

    <p>Synthesizing proteins within the cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the amount of ER present in a cell?

    <p>The function of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of protein import in the ER?

    <p>Synthesizing proteins within the cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the signal peptide after protein translation?

    <p>It is degraded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of exocrine cells in protein secretion?

    <p>They are specialized for secreting specific proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule recognizes the signal peptide and connects to the ribosomal complex?

    <p>Signal recognition particle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the translation process when the SRP connects to the ribosomal complex?

    <p>The translation process is paused</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the SRP receptor in the protein translocation process?

    <p>It recognizes the signal recognition particle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the protein translocator located in relation to the SRP receptor?

    <p>Close to the SRP receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the connection between the SRP receptor and the ribosomal complex when the protein translocation process begins?

    <p>The connection is loosened</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What holds the signal peptide on the translocator during the translation process?

    <p>Protein translocator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What directs the ribosome complex with the proteins that should be inside the ER?

    <p>Signal recognition particle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the ribosome complex after the translation process is completed?

    <p>It is liberated and can go back to the pool of ribosome subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether a ribosome is free or bound to the ER?

    <p>The presence of a signal sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for having free and ER-bound ribosomes in the cell?

    <p>Different proteins are synthesized by free and ER-bound ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ribosomes are shown in the picture?

    <p>Polyribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the translocator in protein synthesis?

    <p>To recognize the signaling sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of signal peptidase in protein synthesis?

    <p>To disconnect the signal sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are transmembrane proteins inserted?

    <p>ER membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between secretory proteins and transmembrane proteins?

    <p>Secretory proteins are freely floating in the ER lumen, while transmembrane proteins are inserted into the ER membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a shortage of vitamin C in the body?

    <p>Loss of collagen fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of molecular chaperones in protein folding?

    <p>To facilitate protein folding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the ER network in a cell?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of protein transport to the plasma membrane?

    <p>Exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the TIM complex in the mitochondria?

    <p>To insert proteins into the mitochondrial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During protein translocation, the presence of a stop-transfer sequence leads to

    <p>Halting of the translocation process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the translocator in protein translocation?

    <p>To notify the presence of a signal peptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a protein encounters a start domain during translocation?

    <p>It continues to be synthesized on the inside of the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for sorting proteins in the trans-Golgi network?

    <p>Early endosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transport pathway is constitutively active and does not require regulation?

    <p>Secretory vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of early endosomes in protein transport?

    <p>To feed proteins to late endosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the vesicular transport system?

    <p>To transport proteins from the ER to the cell exterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the hydrophobic interaction in proteins?

    <p>It helps in the synthesis of transmembrane proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the translocation process when the ribosome continues translation after encountering a stop-transfer sequence?

    <p>The protein is not properly inserted into the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the stop-transfer sequence in protein translocation?

    <p>To halt the translocation process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteins are primarily seen on the surface of vesicles involved in vesicular transport?

    <p>Clathrin, COP1, and COP2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the budding phase of vesicular transport, what is contained inside the vesicles?

    <p>Cargo proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of clathrin proteins in the budding process of endocytosis?

    <p>They connect to receptor proteins and help pull a part of the membrane containing the receptors and substrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three stages of vesicular transport?

    <p>Budding, transport, fusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the destination of a vesicle during the transport phase of vesicular transport?

    <p>Information carried by the vesicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the fusion process of vesicular transport?

    <p>The vesicle merges with its target membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of COP1 proteins in vesicular transport?

    <p>They are primarily seen on the surface of vesicles involved in backward transport from Golgi to ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of proteins are primarily seen on the ER?

    <p>COP2 proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of clathrin-coated vesicles in endocytosis?

    <p>To transport receptor proteins and their substrates into the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of COP2 proteins in vesicular transport?

    <p>To transport proteins from the ER to the Golgi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for transporting proteins from the Golgi to late endosomes or lysosomes?

    <p>Lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of transferrin receptors in the cell?

    <p>To transport iron into the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is there transport from the Golgi to the ER?

    <p>To modify proteins in the Golgi before sending them back to the ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of physical transport mentioned in the text?

    <p>Endocytosis, exocytosis, and vesicular transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do you primarily find clathrin-coated vesicles in the cell?

    <p>Endosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for sending proteins back to the Golgi for another round of folding or modification?

    <p>To control protein folding and modification in the Golgi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of class I main vesicles?

    <p>To transport particles from outside into the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Golgi in protein control?

    <p>To control protein folding and modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of iron release in the cell?

    <p>To make iron available for cellular processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of recycling back to the plasma membrane?

    <p>To recycle proteins back to the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is involved in determining the destination of transport vesicles in a cell?

    <p>Phosphatidinosital phosphates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be added to phosphatidil to create different varieties of phosphatidinosital phosphates?

    <p>Sugar groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of phosphatidinosital phosphates is responsible for their distinctiveness?

    <p>Phosphates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of phosphatidinosital phosphates in protein transport?

    <p>To determine the direction of transport vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of membranes involved in phagocytosis, endocytosis, and exocytosis analyzed for?

    <p>Phosphatidinosital phosphate content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the molecule that can have different types of phosphates attached to it?

    <p>Phosphatidil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific content analyzed in certain types of physicals?

    <p>Phosphatidinosital phosphate content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of clathrin in the transport vesicle budding process?

    <p>To release clathrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of proteins in determining the destination of transport vesicles?

    <p>To determine the direction of transport vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of sugar groups in determining the destination of transport vesicles?

    <p>To modify sugar groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for recognizing specific rep proteins on vesicles and facilitating their fusion with target membranes?

    <p>Rep effector proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lipid is predominantly found in vesicles involved in regulated exocytosis?

    <p>PI4P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which rep protein is specifically involved in transport between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi complex?

    <p>Rep one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for making a firm connection between vesicles and target membranes during fusion?

    <p>T-snare proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the Golgi apparatus is responsible for the modification of sugars and removal of mannose and glupinac?

    <p>Medieval part</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lipid is predominantly found in vesicles involved in phagocytosis?

    <p>PI3P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is involved in the transport of vesicles to early endosomes?

    <p>Rep five C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lipid is predominantly found in vesicles involved in the start of phagocytosis?

    <p>PI2P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for recognizing specific rep proteins on vesicles and facilitating their fusion with target membranes?

    <p>Rep effector proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is involved in the transport of vesicles to late endosomes?

    <p>Rep seven</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major function of proteins in our cells?

    <p>Lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of transport proteins in our cells?

    <p>Transporting proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a protein involved in muscle movement?

    <p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of hormones in our body?

    <p>Regulating gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of antibodies in our body?

    <p>Protecting against pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a protein involved in nutrient absorption?

    <p>Ferritin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of receptors in our cells?

    <p>Binding to signaling molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of proteins involved in signal transduction?

    <p>Regulating gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a protein after it has completed its function?

    <p>It is degraded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the enzyme that removes phosphate groups from proteins?

    <p>Phosphatase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of secretory pathway is unregulated and does not require rep proteins or t-snares?

    <p>Constitutive secretory pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the secretory pathway that requires coated vesicles, rep proteins, and t-snares?

    <p>Regulated secretory pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for the fast release of proteins in the regulated secretory pathway?

    <p>Rep-Effector protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can one find literature regarding protein transport inside the cell?

    <p>In PubMed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lipid is predominantly found in vesicles involved in phagocytosis?

    <p>Sphingolipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transport route is used to transport proteins from the Golgi to secretory vesicles?

    <p>Coated vesicle pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the protein class that helps in folding proteins?

    <p>Chaperones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a shortage of vitamin C in the body?

    <p>Impaired wound healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of proteolysis in post-translational modifications?

    <p>Proteolysis removes signal peptides from newly synthesized proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of protein kinases?

    <p>Protein kinases add phosphate groups to proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of chaperone proteins in protein folding?

    <p>To assist in correct protein folding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to misfolded proteins that cannot be corrected by chaperones?

    <p>They are degraded by the proteasome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ubiquitin in protein degradation?

    <p>To attach to misfolded proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the degradation signal recognized in a misfolded protein?

    <p>By the protein being deformed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a ubiquitin ligase in protein degradation?

    <p>To recognize the degradation signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of protein aggregation in the cell?

    <p>Cellular dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are newly synthesized proteins folded correctly without assistance?

    <p>By spontaneous folding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the proteasome in protein degradation?

    <p>To degrade misfolded proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ubiquitin in protein degradation?

    <p>To degrade misfolded proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to proteins that are correctly folded without assistance?

    <p>They can perform their function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the proteasome in protein degradation?

    <p>To degrade ubiquitinated proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of E1 enzymes in the ubiquitination process?

    <p>To add more ubiquitins to the first one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the E2 enzyme in protein ubiquitination?

    <p>To add ubiquitin to proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of E3 ligases in the ubiquitination process?

    <p>To add more ubiquitins to the first one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to ubiquitin molecules after they are snapped off from proteins in the proteasome?

    <p>They are reused in the ubiquitination process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does protein degradation primarily take place in the cell?

    <p>In the proteasome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the proteases in the proteasome?

    <p>To degrade ubiquitinated proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do essential amino acids primarily come from for protein synthesis?

    <p>From nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the E1 enzyme in the ubiquitination process?

    <p>To add more ubiquitins to the first one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the proteasome do to proteins that are not ubiquitinated?

    <p>It degrades them into smaller pieces</p> Signup and view all the answers

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