The Industrial Revolution in the 19th Century

The Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution was a fundamental break with the past, occurring in Britain from 1780 to 1830.
• It was a development from a pre-industrial to an industrial society, characterized by economic and social changes.
• The Industrial Revolution was made possible by the availability of labor, capital, technology, and energy.

Factors Contributing to the Industrial Revolution

• Availability of labor ensured through the Agricultural Revolution in the late 17th and 18th centuries.
• Availability of capital for investment in industrial production, achieved through the build-up of an Empire and expanding trade and commerce.
• Availability of technology and energy, including inventions like the spinning jenny, water frame, and steam engine.
• A readiness, willingness, and interest in increasing material production, which was a cultural component.

Phases of the Industrial Revolution

• 1780-1830: Initial phase of industrialization, focused on the textile industry, particularly cotton.
• 1830-1870: Emphasis shifted to iron production, with Britain's industrial might reaching its peak.
• 1870-1914: Late industrial age, characterized by diversification into many areas of industrial production and emerging industrial nations.

Social Consequences of Industrialization

• The "Condition-of-England" question: Did industrialization mean progress or decline?
• Appalling living conditions for the new working classes in industrial cities, as documented by Friedrich Engels.
• Hard and intensive work in factories, widespread use of child labor, and improved living standards for most after the 1850s.

Consequences for Britain's Position in the World

• The Industrial Revolution catapulted Britain to a position as the world's pre-eminent Great Power.
• Britain's industrial and commercial strength, as well as its military strength, made it near unassailable.
• The peak of British pre-eminence was in the 1850s and 1860s, exemplified by the launching of HMS Warrior in 1860.

New Imperialism

• The British Empire continued to expand into the 19th century, with India emerging as the most important colony.
• The unification of Germany in 1871 led to a race for colonies, resulting in the carve-up of independent Africa.
• The British Empire covered a quarter of the Earth's land mass and contained about 1/5 of the world's population.

Political and Constitutional Reform in the 19th Century

• Demands for political reform began in the 1760s and gathered momentum after the French Revolution.
• The Great Reform Act of 1832 abolished rotten boroughs, redistributed seats, and increased the electorate from 14% to 20% of adult males.
• The Second Reform Act of 1867 increased the electorate further, and the Third Reform Act of 1884 and Redistribution of Seats Act of 1885 introduced a uniform system of elections and established constituencies of roughly equal size.

The Victorian Age and the 'Woman Question'

• The reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901) roughly coincided with the emergence of industrialized Britain and Britain's hegemonic position in the world.
• The 'Victorians' were characterized by their conservative or progressive attitudes towards social reform.
• The 'Woman Question' referred to the debate about separate roles for men and women or equality between the sexes.
• The Suffragettes campaigned for votes for women on equal terms with men.

The Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution was a fundamental break with the past, occurring in Britain from 1780 to 1830.
• It was a development from a pre-industrial to an industrial society, characterized by economic and social changes.
• The Industrial Revolution was made possible by the availability of labor, capital, technology, and energy.

Factors Contributing to the Industrial Revolution

• Availability of labor ensured through the Agricultural Revolution in the late 17th and 18th centuries.
• Availability of capital for investment in industrial production, achieved through the build-up of an Empire and expanding trade and commerce.
• Availability of technology and energy, including inventions like the spinning jenny, water frame, and steam engine.
• A readiness, willingness, and interest in increasing material production, which was a cultural component.

Phases of the Industrial Revolution

• 1780-1830: Initial phase of industrialization, focused on the textile industry, particularly cotton.
• 1830-1870: Emphasis shifted to iron production, with Britain's industrial might reaching its peak.
• 1870-1914: Late industrial age, characterized by diversification into many areas of industrial production and emerging industrial nations.

Social Consequences of Industrialization

• The "Condition-of-England" question: Did industrialization mean progress or decline?
• Appalling living conditions for the new working classes in industrial cities, as documented by Friedrich Engels.
• Hard and intensive work in factories, widespread use of child labor, and improved living standards for most after the 1850s.

Consequences for Britain's Position in the World

• The Industrial Revolution catapulted Britain to a position as the world's pre-eminent Great Power.
• Britain's industrial and commercial strength, as well as its military strength, made it near unassailable.
• The peak of British pre-eminence was in the 1850s and 1860s, exemplified by the launching of HMS Warrior in 1860.

New Imperialism

• The British Empire continued to expand into the 19th century, with India emerging as the most important colony.
• The unification of Germany in 1871 led to a race for colonies, resulting in the carve-up of independent Africa.
• The British Empire covered a quarter of the Earth's land mass and contained about 1/5 of the world's population.

Political and Constitutional Reform in the 19th Century

• Demands for political reform began in the 1760s and gathered momentum after the French Revolution.
• The Great Reform Act of 1832 abolished rotten boroughs, redistributed seats, and increased the electorate from 14% to 20% of adult males.
• The Second Reform Act of 1867 increased the electorate further, and the Third Reform Act of 1884 and Redistribution of Seats Act of 1885 introduced a uniform system of elections and established constituencies of roughly equal size.

The Victorian Age and the 'Woman Question'

• The reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901) roughly coincided with the emergence of industrialized Britain and Britain's hegemonic position in the world.
• The 'Victorians' were characterized by their conservative or progressive attitudes towards social reform.
• The 'Woman Question' referred to the debate about separate roles for men and women or equality between the sexes.
• The Suffragettes campaigned for votes for women on equal terms with men.

The Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution was a fundamental break with the past, occurring in Britain from 1780 to 1830.
• It was a development from a pre-industrial to an industrial society, characterized by economic and social changes.
• The Industrial Revolution was made possible by the availability of labor, capital, technology, and energy.

Factors Contributing to the Industrial Revolution

• Availability of labor ensured through the Agricultural Revolution in the late 17th and 18th centuries.
• Availability of capital for investment in industrial production, achieved through the build-up of an Empire and expanding trade and commerce.
• Availability of technology and energy, including inventions like the spinning jenny, water frame, and steam engine.
• A readiness, willingness, and interest in increasing material production, which was a cultural component.

Phases of the Industrial Revolution

• 1780-1830: Initial phase of industrialization, focused on the textile industry, particularly cotton.
• 1830-1870: Emphasis shifted to iron production, with Britain's industrial might reaching its peak.
• 1870-1914: Late industrial age, characterized by diversification into many areas of industrial production and emerging industrial nations.

Social Consequences of Industrialization

• The "Condition-of-England" question: Did industrialization mean progress or decline?
• Appalling living conditions for the new working classes in industrial cities, as documented by Friedrich Engels.
• Hard and intensive work in factories, widespread use of child labor, and improved living standards for most after the 1850s.

Consequences for Britain's Position in the World

• The Industrial Revolution catapulted Britain to a position as the world's pre-eminent Great Power.
• Britain's industrial and commercial strength, as well as its military strength, made it near unassailable.
• The peak of British pre-eminence was in the 1850s and 1860s, exemplified by the launching of HMS Warrior in 1860.

New Imperialism

• The British Empire continued to expand into the 19th century, with India emerging as the most important colony.
• The unification of Germany in 1871 led to a race for colonies, resulting in the carve-up of independent Africa.
• The British Empire covered a quarter of the Earth's land mass and contained about 1/5 of the world's population.

Political and Constitutional Reform in the 19th Century

• Demands for political reform began in the 1760s and gathered momentum after the French Revolution.
• The Great Reform Act of 1832 abolished rotten boroughs, redistributed seats, and increased the electorate from 14% to 20% of adult males.
• The Second Reform Act of 1867 increased the electorate further, and the Third Reform Act of 1884 and Redistribution of Seats Act of 1885 introduced a uniform system of elections and established constituencies of roughly equal size.

The Victorian Age and the 'Woman Question'

• The reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901) roughly coincided with the emergence of industrialized Britain and Britain's hegemonic position in the world.
• The 'Victorians' were characterized by their conservative or progressive attitudes towards social reform.
• The 'Woman Question' referred to the debate about separate roles for men and women or equality between the sexes.
• The Suffragettes campaigned for votes for women on equal terms with men.

The Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution was a fundamental break with the past, occurring in Britain from 1780 to 1830.
• It was a development from a pre-industrial to an industrial society, characterized by economic and social changes.
• The Industrial Revolution was made possible by the availability of labor, capital, technology, and energy.

Factors Contributing to the Industrial Revolution

• Availability of labor ensured through the Agricultural Revolution in the late 17th and 18th centuries.
• Availability of capital for investment in industrial production, achieved through the build-up of an Empire and expanding trade and commerce.
• Availability of technology and energy, including inventions like the spinning jenny, water frame, and steam engine.
• A readiness, willingness, and interest in increasing material production, which was a cultural component.

Phases of the Industrial Revolution

• 1780-1830: Initial phase of industrialization, focused on the textile industry, particularly cotton.
• 1830-1870: Emphasis shifted to iron production, with Britain's industrial might reaching its peak.
• 1870-1914: Late industrial age, characterized by diversification into many areas of industrial production and emerging industrial nations.

Social Consequences of Industrialization

• The "Condition-of-England" question: Did industrialization mean progress or decline?
• Appalling living conditions for the new working classes in industrial cities, as documented by Friedrich Engels.
• Hard and intensive work in factories, widespread use of child labor, and improved living standards for most after the 1850s.

Consequences for Britain's Position in the World

• The Industrial Revolution catapulted Britain to a position as the world's pre-eminent Great Power.
• Britain's industrial and commercial strength, as well as its military strength, made it near unassailable.
• The peak of British pre-eminence was in the 1850s and 1860s, exemplified by the launching of HMS Warrior in 1860.

New Imperialism

• The British Empire continued to expand into the 19th century, with India emerging as the most important colony.
• The unification of Germany in 1871 led to a race for colonies, resulting in the carve-up of independent Africa.
• The British Empire covered a quarter of the Earth's land mass and contained about 1/5 of the world's population.

Political and Constitutional Reform in the 19th Century

• Demands for political reform began in the 1760s and gathered momentum after the French Revolution.
• The Great Reform Act of 1832 abolished rotten boroughs, redistributed seats, and increased the electorate from 14% to 20% of adult males.
• The Second Reform Act of 1867 increased the electorate further, and the Third Reform Act of 1884 and Redistribution of Seats Act of 1885 introduced a uniform system of elections and established constituencies of roughly equal size.

The Victorian Age and the 'Woman Question'

• The reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901) roughly coincided with the emergence of industrialized Britain and Britain's hegemonic position in the world.
• The 'Victorians' were characterized by their conservative or progressive attitudes towards social reform.
• The 'Woman Question' referred to the debate about separate roles for men and women or equality between the sexes.
• The Suffragettes campaigned for votes for women on equal terms with men.

Explore the concept of the Industrial Revolution, a transformative period in human history that marked a shift from pre-industrial to industrial society. Understand the fundamental break with the past and its significance in the 19th century.