The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best reflects the primary motivation behind Western powers' colonial expansion into Southeast Asia?

  • To protect Christian missionaries and promote religious conversion.
  • To spread democracy and representative government to the region.
  • To establish strategic military bases for defense against potential rivals in the region.
  • To secure access to raw materials and establish profitable export markets. (correct)

What was the primary method of governance employed by the British in Burma?

  • Joint administration with native rulers.
  • Direct rule through a colonial administration. (correct)
  • A system of self-governance with British oversight.
  • Indirect rule through local elites.

How did the French approach governance in Vietnam?

  • They adopted a policy of indirect rule in all regions of Vietnam.
  • They sought to establish a unified Vietnamese monarchy under their control.
  • They implemented a hybrid approach, using direct rule in the south and indirect rule in the north. (correct)
  • They employed a consistent system of direct rule throughout the entire country.

What was a primary reason why colonial powers discouraged the development of indigenous industries in Southeast Asia?

<p>They feared that thriving local industries would undermine the dominance of European manufacturers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a direct consequence of colonial policy focusing on export of raw materials in Southeast Asia?

<p>The rise of plantation agriculture and the exploitation of peasant laborers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key economic motive for Western powers during the new imperialism of the late nineteenth century?

<p>Search for new markets and raw materials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the governance approach used by Western powers in their colonies?

<p>Indirect or direct rule by Western powers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What belief system was associated with the idea that some races were superior to others during the new imperialism?

<p>Social Darwinism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did national prestige play in the motivations for imperialism?

<p>It motivated nations to acquire colonies for competitive advantage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common outcome of early resistance movements against colonial rule?

<p>Many early resistance movements failed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did European nation-states' rivalries influence their imperialist activities?

<p>They drove nations to acquire colonies for strategic advantage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What perspective did some Europeans hold regarding their responsibility towards colonized peoples?

<p>They felt a moral duty to civilize what they called 'primitive' peoples. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies a factor that differentiated the new imperialism from earlier forms?

<p>Pursuit of direct control over vast territories (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main motivations for the United States to acquire the Philippines?

<p>To prevent Japanese influence in the region (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under which system of governance did local rulers maintain their authority while the colonial power exercised control?

<p>Indirect rule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who led the movement for independence in the Philippines after the U.S. acquired the territory?

<p>Emilio Aguinaldo (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two nations agreed to maintain Thailand as an independent buffer state in 1896?

<p>Britain and France (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common goal for Western powers in their colonial empires?

<p>Exploiting natural resources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach to governance was generally considered cheaper and less culturally intrusive?

<p>Indirect rule only (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of Emilio Aguinaldo's resistance against U.S. forces?

<p>Three years of bloody warfare (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about direct rule is true?

<p>Western officials replace local elites (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What influenced President McKinley's decision to colonize the Philippines?

<p>Morality of civilizing others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the initial response of Filipinos to American control?

<p>A strong desire for independence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant effect of British indirect rule in Africa?

<p>It reinforced the existing political elite and caused class tensions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary motivation for European powers to create colonies in Africa?

<p>To exploit natural resources and establish trade routes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which European country primarily used a direct rule approach in its African colonies?

<p>France (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key feature of the system of indirect rule introduced in Sokoto?

<p>Empowering local customs and governance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two African regions remained free from colonial rule by 1914?

<p>Ethiopia and Liberia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of European governance on African nationalism?

<p>It led to increased awareness and desire for self-determination. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents the philosophy of French colonial governance?

<p>Assimilation of Africans into French culture. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the British agree to limit voting in South Africa to only whites and a few propertied Africans?

<p>To maintain peace and appeasement with the Boers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What consequence resulted from the British policy of indirect rule?

<p>Maintaining the status quo and inequality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of colonial governance, what does the term 'indirect rule' imply?

<p>Governance through local leaders but under European authority. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary motivation for European countries to colonize West Africa in the late nineteenth century?

<p>To access Africa’s raw materials such as peanuts and palm oil. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who primarily led the resistance movements in Southeast Asia during the early 1900s?

<p>Westernized intellectuals educated in Western institutions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common initial focus of the resistance movements in Southeast Asia before the 1930s?

<p>Defending economic interests or religious beliefs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect did the decline of the slave trade have on European interests in West Africa?

<p>It resulted in Europeans seeking other forms of trade. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which European countries were actively involved in the colonization of Africa between 1880 and 1900?

<p>Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Spain, and Portugal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event occurred in resistance movements in Burma during the early 1900s?

<p>Students protested against British treatment of local customs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the European powers maintain a rule over Africa despite growing tensions?

<p>They relied on superior military technology and infrastructure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the type of leaders who emerged during the resistance movements in Southeast Asia?

<p>They were often educated and familiar with Western ideologies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ideology slowly began to take shape in Southeast Asia during the 1930s?

<p>National independence as a focal point of resistance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these most accurately describes the period before 1880 regarding European control in Africa?

<p>European influence was minimal with reliance on local rulers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

New Imperialism

A phase of aggressive European expansion in the late 19th century.

Economic Motives

The drive for raw materials and markets by Western capitalist states.

Colonial Control

Western powers governed colonies through direct or indirect rule.

Rivalries Between Nations

European countries competed for colonies to outdo each other.

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Social Darwinism

The belief that stronger nations were meant to dominate weaker ones.

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Racism in Imperialism

The idea that certain races are superior, justifying domination.

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Market for Goods

Colonies served as markets for Western manufactured products.

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Moral Responsibility

Some Europeans felt obligated to 'civilize' other cultures.

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Union of South Africa

Established in 1910, it combined the Cape Colony and Boer republics as a self-governing state under British Empire.

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Self-governing nation

A country that governs itself but remains part of a larger empire or authority.

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Indirect rule

A colonial governance strategy relying on local elites and existing political structures.

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Sokoto's indirect rule

Introduced in 1903, it involved local rulers accepting British authority while maintaining some local customs.

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Class and ethnic tensions

Social conflicts arising due to the retention of old elites under the indirect rule system.

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Direct rule

Colonial governance where the colonizing country directly controls the administration of the territory.

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Assimilation policy

The French aim to integrate African subjects into French culture instead of preserving their own traditions.

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French governor-general

The top official in French colonies, appointed from Paris to oversee administration.

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Liberia and Ethiopia

The only two African states that remained free from European colonization by 1914.

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Colonial military superiority

The advantage European powers had over African forces, leading to devastating resistance outcomes.

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King Mongkut

King of Thailand known for promoting Western learning and diplomacy.

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King Chulalongkorn

Son of King Mongkut who continued modernization efforts in Thailand.

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Plantation Agriculture

A system where peasants work on large farms owned by foreigners for low wages.

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Thailand as a buffer state

Agreed status of Thailand between British and French territories in 1896.

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Can Vuong Movement

A resistance organization formed by Vietnamese officials against French rule.

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Colonial Economy Benefits

Colonial rule brought some development such as railroads and an entrepreneurial class.

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Commodore George Dewey

U.S. naval leader who defeated the Spanish fleet at Manila Bay in 1898.

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Resistance to Colonial Rule

The response of indigenous people against oppressive colonial governance, often through revolts.

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President William McKinley

U.S. President who decided to turn the Philippines into an American colony.

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Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against U.S. rule.

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Philippine-American War

Conflict between the U.S. and Filipino rebel forces from 1899 to 1902.

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Exploitation of resources

Goal of colonial powers to utilize natural resources of colonies.

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Westernized Intellectuals

Educated individuals in Asia influenced by Western ideas during colonialism.

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Nationalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the interests of a particular nation, often leading to independence movements.

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Colonial Regimes

Governments established by foreign powers to control colonies.

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Burma's Student Protests

In Burma, students protested against British disrespect for Buddhism in the 1930s.

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African Nationalism

A movement seeking independence and self-determination among African nations during the 20th century.

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Economic Interests in Africa

European powers sought Africa's raw materials like peanuts and palm oil.

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Intense Rivalries

The competition between European nations to acquire colonies in Africa between 1880 and 1900.

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Decline of Slave Trade

The reduction in the trade of enslaved people in Africa by the late 1800s.

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Protests Against Economic Exploitation

Resistance movements focused initially on defending local economic interests against colonial powers.

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British Control in West Africa

British colonial administration that monopolized trade and governance in West Africa.

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Study Notes

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain

  • The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 1760s.
  • It took decades to spread to other Western nations.
  • Several factors contributed to Great Britain as the starting place.

Agricultural Revolution

  • The Agricultural Revolution was a change in farming practices that began in the 18th century.
  • This change increased food supply.
  • More people could be fed at lower prices with less labor.
  • This allowed British families to buy manufactured goods.

Growing Population

  • The increased food supply caused the population to grow.
  • Enclosure movement laws forced many peasants to move to towns.
  • This created a workforce for factories.

Capital

  • Britain had a ready supply of capital (money) to invest in new factories and machines.
  • Entrepreneurs saw opportunities to make new profits.

Natural Resources

  • Britain had abundant natural resources like rivers, providing water power, and coal and iron ore.
  • These resources were used in new factories.

Markets

  • Britain had a vast colonial empire and British ships could transport goods globally.
  • Domestic markets increased due to population growth and cheaper food.
  • There was growing demand for cotton cloth, leading to increased production.

Cotton Production and Factories

  • The cottage industry was inefficient.
  • Inventions improved the process, for example the spinning jenny (1764) by Hargreaves.
  • Weaving process improved with the water-powered loom (1787) by Cartwright.
  • Steam power (improved by Watt in 1782) enabled spinning and weaving machines.
  • The invention of electric lights, the telephone, and the internal combustion engine brought new levels of development.
  • Production increasingly shifted from homes to factories.
  • Factory work was often characterized by rigid schedules.

Coal, Iron, and Railroads

  • Steam engine depended on coal.
  • Coal production increased.
  • New processes improved the quality of iron, like puddling.
  • Railroads were important for transporting resources.
  • Faster transportation led to more demand and investment in manufacturing.

Spread of Industrialization

  • Factors like resources, capital, demand, and technology fueled industrialization in Europe and North America.

Social Impact of Industrialization

  • Population growth and urbanization changed society.
  • The industrial middle class and the industrial working class emerged.
  • The rapid growth of cities led to poor living conditions.

Early Socialism

  • The pitiful working conditions during the Industrial Revolution led to socialism.
  • Socialism is where society or government owns some means of production (like factories).

The Second Industrial Revolution

  • The Second Industrial Revolution saw advancements in steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum.
  • These advancements led to many innovations.
  • New forms of energy, like electricity, dramatically transformed industries and society.

Colonial Rule in Southeast Asia

  • European powers competed for territory in Southeast Asia and Africa.
  • They took control of governments and economies in those areas.
  • Some territories resisted, but most early resistance movements were unsuccessful.

New Imperialism

  • The motive for new imperialism was access to resources, markets, and prestige.
  • Western European states used force to gain colonies and control of resources.

Imperialism in Africa

  • European powers scrambled for territories in Africa in the 1880s to 1900s.
  • The scramble was spurred by competition between European states.
  • Factors like raw materials and economic gain influenced this competition.

Colonial Resistance

  • Resistance to colonial rule occurred in various ways
  • The resistance was directed towards political power, economic freedom, or cultural rights.
  • Nationalist movements formed to challenge foreign dominance, which often included revolts and protests

British Colonial Rule in India

  • After the Great Rebellion (1857) the British government ruled India directly through a British official known as a viceroy
  • This British rule brought significant developments like new roads, services, and schools, however, it also brought economic hardship by creating unemployment and leading to starvation in some areas, as well as racial discontent.

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