The Industrial Revolution: Capitalism, Mechanization, and The Dawn of the Modern Era

The Industrial Revolution was a fundamental transformation of technology, economy, and ultimately ______

The Industrial Revolution saw the rapid urbanization and growth of factories leading to mass production of ______

The Industrial Revolution in Britain was facilitated by the large deposits of ______ and iron ore, particularly in Wales and Cornwall

In the 1700s, inventions in the textile industry such as the flying shuttle, spinning jenny, water frame, and spinning mule allowed for a vast increase in the amount of cloth produced, with the spinning mule producing 300 times the amount of cloth per day that someone can by ______.

The spinning mule was powered by a ______ engine.

The first railway in England was established in ______.

Advantages Britain had not possessed by Continent in most cases; state-sponsored or completely state-run. Deliberately mimicking Britain, Continent begins to truly catch up to Britain in ____. Spread of the IR.

Despite advances in tech, IR before ~1850s limited to few specific sectors- textiles, mining, transportation, energy. Begins expanding into other areas post 1850 as IR spreads across Europe and to USA. Communications; telegraph, transatlantic cable, telephone. Chemistry and pharmaceuticals (drugs/medicine). New forms of energy beyond coal; electricity and ____. Internal Combustion Engine invented in Germany in 1880s by Daimler & Benz.

Effects of IR on Society- Europe pt 1. Rapid urbanization overloads city infrastructure; shantytowns. Near total absence of safety standards in factories; incredibly long shifts (3am-10pm), child labor. Life in factories brutal and short. Rise in new class consciounesses and identifications. Communist Manifesto- Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels; derived from perceptions of treatment of urban workers.

Beginning of shift in demographics from high birth/high death rate (pre-industrial) to low birth/low death rate (modern)- transition phase high birth/low death leads to population explosion. Rise of the modern middle class- small businesses, clerks, doctors, lawyers, etc. Effects of Industrial Revolution- Rest of World. ______ for resources and money in Europe increases demand for resources from abroad; advances in technology make acquisition of those resources possible. Advances in medicine make it possible for Europeans to penetrate interior of Africa. Decreasing food and natural resource production in Europe means other areas of world increase to compensate. Grain and livestock in Argentina and Australia, cotton for textiles in American South and India.