The Industrial Revolution

Topic 7.1 The Industrial Revolution

• Industry is any economic activity using machinery on a large scale to process raw materials into finished goods.
• Industrialization is the process where social and economic factors lead to the development of industries across a community, region, or country.
• Cottage industries involve families working in their homes, spread out through rural areas, to make goods.
• The Industrial Revolution caused significant changes in industry and energy shifting manufacturing processes and leading to new social, economic, and political innovations.
• It began in northern and southern England in the second half of the eighteenth century.
• It then spread to Europe and North America in the nineteenth century.
• It continued spreading to other regions in the twentieth century.

Topic 7.2 Economic Sectors and Patterns

• The primary sector involves extracting raw materials from the earth.
• Raw materials include metals, wood, plant products, or other substances used to make goods for sale to customers.
• The secondary sector involves manufacturing.
• The tertiary sector involves providing services.
• The quaternary sector includes activities requiring workers to process and handle information, environmental technology, government, libraries, education, scientific research, and cultural activities.
• The quinary sector is a specialized subcategory of work involving top leaders in government, science, universities, nonprofits, healthcare, culture, and media requiring high levels of education and experience.
• Industrial parks are areas located outside urban centers, often in suburban areas, near highways, where factories are built.
• Bulk-reducing industry is one where the inputs weigh more than the final products.
• Bulk-gaining industry is one where the final product weighs more than the inputs.
• A break-of-bulk point is a location where transfer among transportation modes is possible and can become a processing center, especially when raw materials require processing to facilitate transportation.
• Least cost theory is a model geographers use to analyze spatial patterns in the secondary economic sector and the factors that influence where enterprises locate manufacturing production.
• Businesses locate facilities where the location minimizes production costs.
• Core countries are industrialized capitalist countries that depend on periphery and semi-periphery countries and control the global economy, according to world-systems theory.
• Periphery countries are less developed, depend on core countries for capital, and provide core countries with raw materials and cheap labor, according to world-systems theory.
• Semi-periphery countries are industrializing, mostly capitalist countries positioned between the periphery and core countries, according to world-systems theory.