The Industrial Revolution

The development of the steam engine by James Watt provided an alternative power source.

To help the family survive.

Long hours, little pay, and unsafe working conditions.

<p>They believed child labor was necessary for economic growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To investigate and report problems with child labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Great Depression and high unemployment rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Northern and Western Europe, with a significant number coming from Ireland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They settled in cities along the East Coast and became a major workforce in railroads, factories, and construction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Americans were concerned about the dominance of immigrants in cities and the workforce, leading to the rise of nativism and the passing of laws against immigrants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overcrowding, inadequate housing, poor transportation, increased crime, lack of clean water, and sanitation problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political machines were organizations that controlled the political activities of a city or state. They became corrupt by accepting bribes, committing fraud, and engaging in election fraud.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immigrants responded favorably to political machines because they received help with their urgent problems, such as jobs, housing, and assistance with becoming citizens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Middle-class Americans viewed political machines as corrupt because they supported criminals, paid off the police, and represented widespread corruption in major cities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Progressive Era was triggered by the changes brought about by industrialization and urbanization, as well as the aggression towards corrupt political machines. Americans wanted to address issues such as corrupt city governments, corrupt business practices, urban poverty, lack of education, poor farmers, dangerous working conditions, high immigration rates, and tax problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Companies were producing medication that contained dangerous ingredients such as opium, cocaine, and other poisons. Food processing involved practices such as mixing old rotten meat with good meat, and selling meat that was contaminated with rats and other unsanitary substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The book 'The Jungle' by Upton Sinclair, which exposed the unsanitary and dangerous practices in meat factories, prompted public outrage and led to the passing of these acts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The progressive movement aimed to address the issue of child labor, particularly in factories, where children were subjected to dangerous working conditions and long hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The government set laws on the maximum hours children could work, and states passed laws to make school mandatory to prevent children from working.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>mines, glass factories, the textile industry, agriculture, canneries, newsboys, messengers, shoe shiners, peddlers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To help the family survive and contribute to their income</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Industrial accidents, lack of education, exposure to illness and disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Over 1,000 laws were passed to regulate work conditions and limit child labor, but they were often difficult to enforce or ignored by factory managers and owners</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Industrial Revolution caused major economic, cultural, and political changes around the world. It led to the development of factories, increased reliance on machinery, and the migration of small farmers to cities. It also created new jobs and led to the exploitation of child labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Industrial Revolution led to the exploitation of child labor and the migration of small farmers to cities. It also caused major economic, cultural, and political changes around the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Industrial Revolution led to the development of factories, increased reliance on machinery, and the creation of new jobs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>inadequate housing, poor transportation, increase in crime, lack of clean water, lack of good sanitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political machines were groups of people who controlled all the politics, jobs, and organizations of a city. They operated by providing essential services to immigrants in exchange for their votes, and by controlling the laws, politicians, jobs, and police in the cities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immigrants responded favorably to political machines because they provided them with essential services such as housing, jobs, and protection. In exchange for these services, political machines would request that immigrants vote for specific people or laws on election day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Middle-class Americans viewed political machines as corrupt because they saw them as supporting criminals and paying off the police. They also distrusted the influence of immigrants on the government, and believed that political machines represented widespread corruption in major cities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During the Progressive Era, key reforms and changes included the establishment of city councils and election of mayors to improve city government, the passing of the 17th amendment for direct election of Senators, and the rise of muckrakers who exposed corruption and social problems through journalism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative effects of monopolies during the Industrial Revolution included higher prices for consumers, a lack of innovation, and a barrier for new firms to enter the market and compete.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three core federal antitrust laws passed by Congress to combat monopolies were the Sherman Act (1890), the Federal Trade Commission Act (1914), and the Clayton Act (1914).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some of the issues related to fake medication and food processing/production during the Progressive Era included companies producing medication with dangerous ingredients, lack of medical regulations resulting in deaths, and unsanitary practices in food factories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main accomplishments of Upton Sinclair's book &quot;The Jungle&quot; were that it exposed the unsanitary and unsafe conditions in the meat-packing industry, which led to public outrage and prompted President Roosevelt and Congress to pass the Meat Inspection Act and the Food and Drug Act. These legislations required inspections of meat factories, regulated the sale of adulterated food and drugs, and set up a system of federal inspections to ensure the safety of the nation's food supply.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Child laborers during the Progressive Era worked in dangerous conditions in factories, often for long hours. Muckraker John Spargo's book &quot;The Bitter Cry of the Children&quot; highlighted the harsh reality of child labor, such as young boys working in coal mines for long hours and suffering permanent physical damage. As a result, the government set laws on the maximum hours children could work, and states passed laws making school mandatory to prevent child labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main focuses of the progressive movement related to child labor were to address the dangerous working conditions and long hours that children were subjected to in factories. These efforts were prompted by muckraker John Spargo's book &quot;The Bitter Cry of the Children&quot; and other reports that shed light on the physical and health damages suffered by child laborers. The government and states responded by passing laws to regulate child labor and make education mandatory for children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The major reforms achieved as a result of Upton Sinclair's book 'The Jungle' were the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and the Food and Drug Act, which required inspections of meat factories and meat being sold, and set up a system of federal inspections for food labeling and safety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>John Spargo's book 'The Bitter Cry of the Children' led to the government setting laws on the maximum hours children could work and states passing laws to make school mandatory to keep children from working.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main issues addressed by the progressive movement related to child labor were the dangerous and exploitative working conditions in factories, the long hours worked by children, and the need for mandatory education to protect children from labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urban overcrowding, inadequate housing, poor transportation, increase in crime, lack of clean water, and lack of good sanitation were some of the major issues created by urban growth and industrialization in the United States between 1870 and 1920.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immigrants responded favorably to political machines because they provided essential services such as housing, jobs, and protection. In exchange for these services, political machines requested that immigrants vote for specific people or laws on election day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Middle-class Americans viewed political machines as corrupt because they saw them as supporting criminals and engaging in election fraud and political corruption. They also distrusted the influence of immigrants on the government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Middle-class Americans called for reforms to address the corruption and influence of political machines. They also wanted to address the negative impacts of urban growth and industrialization, such as poor working conditions and child labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some of the key issues that led to the Progressive Era in the United States include corrupt city governments, corrupt business practices, urban poor, lack of education, poor farmers, dangerous working conditions in factories, huge numbers of immigrants, and tax issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muckrakers were journalists who investigated and reported about social conditions and political corruption. They played a role in exposing corruption in the government, corporations, and social problems such as poverty and poor working conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some negative effects of monopolies during the Industrial Revolution include higher prices for consumers, lack of innovation, and difficulties for new firms to enter the market and compete with existing companies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three core federal antitrust laws passed by Congress to combat monopolies are the Sherman Act (1890), the Federal Trade Commission Act (1914), and the Clayton Act (1914).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The major economic changes caused by the Industrial Revolution included the shift from an agricultural-based economy to an industrial-based economy, the rise of factories and mass production, and the growth of capitalism and the market economy. Culturally, the Industrial Revolution led to urbanization, changes in social classes, and the rise of consumerism. Politically, it led to the emergence of new ideologies such as socialism and communism, and the rise of labor movements and calls for workers' rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children were preferred as employees over adults during the Industrial Revolution for several reasons. First, children were seen as more manageable and easier to control than adult workers. Second, children were paid significantly less than adult workers, making them a cheaper labor source. Third, children were considered to have nimble fingers and were often employed in industries that required delicate work, such as textile mills and coal mines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The start of the Industrial Revolution in the United States was fueled by advancements in technology and machinery. Some of the key advancements included the development of agricultural technology that increased yields, such as the seed drill and crop rotation. Additionally, the invention of the steam engine by James Watt revolutionized transportation and power generation. Other important advancements included the development of the spinning jenny and power loom, which revolutionized the textile industry, and the invention of the telegraph, which transformed communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Working children were subjected to long hours, little pay, and unsafe working conditions, which prevented them from receiving an education and enjoying their childhood. They often worked in mines, factories, and other industries, and were exposed to industrial accidents, illness, and disease. Their working hours could extend up to 18 hours a day, leaving no time for schooling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immigrants came to the United States for various reasons, including seeking economic opportunities, escaping famine and poverty in their home countries (such as the Irish during the famine), and the promise of wealth during the California gold rush. They also provided a cheap labor supply for industries like railroads and factories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reformers faced challenges in their efforts to regulate child labor, including opposition from those who believed child labor was necessary for economic growth. Additionally, laws often did not apply to immigrants, leaving them vulnerable to exploitation. Factory managers and owners often ignored or circumvented laws, and children themselves lied about their ages to obtain jobs. It was not until the Great Depression that significant changes took place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Industrialization led to significant population growth in cities, with the urban population increasing from 10 million to 54 million. This rapid urbanization created challenges such as overcrowding, poor living conditions, and increased poverty. However, it also contributed to economic growth and development, as industries expanded and created job opportunities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Waterpower was needed to drive machines</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electricity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children were being exploited or taken advantage of</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Bitter Cry of the Children</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It made selling adulterated food or drugs a federal crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To address dangerous working conditions and long hours for child laborers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To control all politics, jobs, and organizations in the city</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because political machines provided them with essential services in exchange for votes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because they distrusted immigrants' influence on the government</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide cheap labor for factories and industries</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mines, glass factories, textile industry, agriculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because parents were not willing to give up the extra income</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Great Depression and the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To allow for direct election of Senators by the American people</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Progressive Era</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Journalists who investigated and reported about social conditions and political corruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To make monopolies illegal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase in lung diseases due to soot exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cholera</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The explosion of the Cuyahoga River in 1869</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High population density leading to water contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Implementation of recycling programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1955</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contamination of drinking water supplies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased reliance on large, expensive machines</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They could be paid lower wages than adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High rates of industrial accidents and diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Working eleven to twelve hour days, often starting at 3 a.m.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Labor of children in factories</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Injury from unsafe machinery</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By enabling a decrease in farming jobs and a rise in urban jobs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adequate sleep and rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It established a national minimum wage and placed limits on child labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It resulted in the establishment of federal inspections of meat factories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To monitor and report issues related to child labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factory owners and managers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It led to the enactment of laws like the Chinese Exclusion Act.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The distribution of dangerous and counterfeit products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Laws were often not enforced or ignored by factory owners.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agents could deny entry based on vague criteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parents needed the additional income.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Food and Drug Act.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulations would negatively impact family incomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Railroads and factories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase in the production of fake medications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Families needed additional income for survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children often worked 14 to 18 hours a day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were often exposed to unsafe machinery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children could be paid much lower wages than adults.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5 to 7 years old.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He documented the plight of child laborers in his writings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serving as office clerks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher rates of illness and injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of smog leading to respiratory illnesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cholera outbreaks leading to many deaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1955</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The river's chemical waste causing it to catch fire</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Waterborne diseases like typhoid and cholera</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A spike in water pollution due to overcrowding</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Fair Labor Standards Act</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Due to a massive famine in Ireland</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Child labor improved factory productivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passed the Meat Inspection Act</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased immigration from Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It banned Chinese laborers from entering America</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lie about their ages</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A surplus of unemployed adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passage of the Food and Drug Act</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Laissez-faire capitalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Many factory managers ignored or circumvented them</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They primarily came from Northern and Western Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fake medications and contaminated food products</p> Signup and view all the answers