The Incredible Functions of the Kidneys
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The Incredible Functions of the Kidneys

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

  • Regulate RBC production (correct)
  • Regulate electrolyte balance
  • Regulate blood volume
  • Form urine

    • What is the main function of erythropoietin produced by the kidneys?

  • Regulate blood pressure
  • Regulate electrolyte balance
  • Stimulate bone marrow to produce RBCs (correct)
  • Convert vitamin D into active form

    • Which substances secreted by the kidneys affect blood pressure?

  • Prostaglandin E2 and prostacyclin
  • Renin and prostaglandin E2 and prostacyclin
  • Renin and prostaglandin E2 (correct)
  • Renin and prostacyclin

    • Which of the following will result in an increased Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

    <p>Increased blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in 1 minute?

    <p>125 ml/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) when there is a decreased blood flow through the kidney?

    <p>Decreased GFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is considered the functional unit of the kidney?

    <p>Nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the filtration of blood occur in the nephron?

    <p>Glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nephron is responsible for reabsorbing water and nutrients?

    <p>Proximal convoluted tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released by the kidneys to regulate blood pressure and blood volume?

    <p>Renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is involved in water retention when there is a decrease in blood supply to the kidneys?

    <p>Renin angiotensin aldosterone system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released by the kidneys to promote water retention?

    <p>ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2?

    <p>Angiotensin converting enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of angiotensin 2?

    <p>Stimulates vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released as a result of angiotensin 2 stimulation?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true when blood pressure (BP) falls?

    <p>GFR decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a decrease in GFR promote?

    <p>Retention of sodium, chloride, and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to GFR when blood pressure falls?

    <p>GFR decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone regulates the osmolality of body fluids and causes renal cells to reabsorb water?

    <p>Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?

    <p>To regulate osmolality of body fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) have on urine volume?

    <p>Decreases urine volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can increase or decrease urine output?

    <p>Medications / alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a danger sign in terms of urine output?

    <p>Less than 30mL/hour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can affect urine output?

    <p>Psychological factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can affect urine output?

    <p>Physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disease can hinder physical activity and make it difficult to reach and use toilet facilities?

    <p>Alzheimer's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can cause end-stage renal disease, uremic syndrome, and autoimmune conditions like SLE and Goodpasture?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the inability of the bladder to empty?

    <p>Urinary retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the involuntary leakage of urine?

    <p>Urinary incontinence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does urinary diversion involve?

    <p>Diversion of urine to external source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the presence of blood in the urine?

    <p>Hematuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition characterized by the inability of the bladder to empty?

    <p>Urinary retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the excessive production of urine?

    <p>Polyuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the characteristic color of urine?

    <p>Pale-straw</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical odor of urine?

    <p>Ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual clarity of urine, unless pathology is present?

    <p>Transparent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of urinalysis is frequently done in nursing homes, doctors offices, and hospitals?

    <p>Dipstick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of urine specimens used for urinalysis?

    <p>Both dipstick and lab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about urine dipsticks?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is most commonly affected by urinary incontinence?

    <p>Older adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended fluid intake for patients, unless medically contraindicated?

    <p>6-8 glasses/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one important measure to prevent skin breakdown in individuals with urinary incontinence?

    <p>Frequent toileting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the indications for dialysis?

    <p>Worsening of uremic syndrome associated with end-stage renal disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the severe abnormalities that may require dialysis?

    <p>Severe electrolyte abnormalities that cannot be controlled by simpler measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is dialysis indicated for uremic syndrome?

    <p>When uremic syndrome is worsening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the method used in peritoneal dialysis to cleanse the blood of waste products?

    <p>Osmosis and diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is instilled into the peritoneal cavity in peritoneal dialysis?

    <p>Dialysate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the dialysate removed from the peritoneal cavity in peritoneal dialysis?

    <p>By gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During hemodialysis, what happens to the blood?

    <p>The blood is removed and filtered in the dialysis machine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the semi-permeable filtering membrane in the dialysis machine?

    <p>To cleanse the blood by removing waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the blood after it is filtered in the dialysis machine?

    <p>The cleansed blood is returned to the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions may lead to the creation of a urinary stoma?

    <p>Bladder cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of creating a urinary stoma?

    <p>To divert urine flow from the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Are urinary stomas always permanent?

    <p>No, they can be temporary or permanent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure involves placing a tube directly onto the renal pelvis to provide urinary drainage?

    <p>Nephrostomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a ureter-ostomy involve?

    <p>Bringing the end of one or both ureters to the abdominal surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the purpose of creating a urinary stoma?

    <p>To divert the flow of urine from the kidneys to the abdominal surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the urinary stoma?

    <p>To divert the flow of urine from the kidneys to the abdominal surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the flow of urine get diverted to with a urinary stoma?

    <p>The abdominal surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pH range is considered normal for most bacteria?

    <p>pH 4.6-8.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of environment do most bacteria favor?

    <p>Alkaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH range that is considered mildly acidic for maintaining an alkaline environment for bacteria?

    <p>pH 4.0-6.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pH range is considered normal for urine?

    <p>4.6-8.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average pH of normal urine?

    <p>6.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pH ranges is considered abnormal for urine?

    <p>7.0-9.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common sign of kidney diseases?

    <p>Protein in the urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of protein in the urine indicate?

    <p>Abnormal kidney function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of protein in the urine?

    <p>It indicates kidney diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which range represents the normal specific gravity?

    <p>1.0053 - 1.030</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is specific gravity a measure of?

    <p>Density of a substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT within the normal range for specific gravity?

    <p>1.035</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible consequence of vesicoureteral reflux?

    <p>Urinary tract infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of urine movement in vesicoureteral reflux?

    <p>From lower to upper urinary tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structures are involved in vesicoureteral reflux?

    <p>Ureters and bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

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