The Incredible Functions of the Kidneys

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

Regulate RBC production

What is the main function of erythropoietin produced by the kidneys?

Stimulate bone marrow to produce RBCs

Which substances secreted by the kidneys affect blood pressure?

Renin and prostaglandin E2

Which of the following will result in an increased Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

Increased blood flow Signup and view all the answers

What is the average Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in 1 minute?

125 ml/min Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) when there is a decreased blood flow through the kidney?

Decreased GFR Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is considered the functional unit of the kidney?

Nephron Signup and view all the answers

Where does the filtration of blood occur in the nephron?

Glomerulus Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nephron is responsible for reabsorbing water and nutrients?

Proximal convoluted tubule Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released by the kidneys to regulate blood pressure and blood volume?

Renin Signup and view all the answers

Which system is involved in water retention when there is a decrease in blood supply to the kidneys?

Renin angiotensin aldosterone system Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released by the kidneys to promote water retention?

ADH Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2?

Angiotensin converting enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of angiotensin 2?

Stimulates vasoconstriction Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released as a result of angiotensin 2 stimulation?

Aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true when blood pressure (BP) falls?

GFR decreases Signup and view all the answers

What does a decrease in GFR promote?

Retention of sodium, chloride, and water Signup and view all the answers

What happens to GFR when blood pressure falls?

GFR decreases Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone regulates the osmolality of body fluids and causes renal cells to reabsorb water?

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?

To regulate osmolality of body fluids Signup and view all the answers

What effect does Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) have on urine volume?

Decreases urine volume Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can increase or decrease urine output?

Medications / alcohol Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a danger sign in terms of urine output?

Less than 30mL/hour Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can affect urine output?

Psychological factors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can affect urine output?

Physical activity Signup and view all the answers

What disease can hinder physical activity and make it difficult to reach and use toilet facilities?

Alzheimer's Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can cause end-stage renal disease, uremic syndrome, and autoimmune conditions like SLE and Goodpasture?

Diabetes mellitus Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the inability of the bladder to empty?

Urinary retention Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the involuntary leakage of urine?

Urinary incontinence Signup and view all the answers

What does urinary diversion involve?

Diversion of urine to external source Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the presence of blood in the urine?

Hematuria Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the condition characterized by the inability of the bladder to empty?

Urinary retention Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the excessive production of urine?

Polyuria Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the characteristic color of urine?

Pale-straw Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical odor of urine?

Ammonia Signup and view all the answers

What is the usual clarity of urine, unless pathology is present?

Transparent Signup and view all the answers

Which type of urinalysis is frequently done in nursing homes, doctors offices, and hospitals?

Dipstick Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of urine specimens used for urinalysis?

Both dipstick and lab Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about urine dipsticks?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is most commonly affected by urinary incontinence?

Older adults Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended fluid intake for patients, unless medically contraindicated?

6-8 glasses/day Signup and view all the answers

What is one important measure to prevent skin breakdown in individuals with urinary incontinence?

Frequent toileting Signup and view all the answers

What are the indications for dialysis?

Worsening of uremic syndrome associated with end-stage renal disease Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the severe abnormalities that may require dialysis?

Severe electrolyte abnormalities that cannot be controlled by simpler measures Signup and view all the answers

When is dialysis indicated for uremic syndrome?

When uremic syndrome is worsening Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the method used in peritoneal dialysis to cleanse the blood of waste products?

Osmosis and diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What is instilled into the peritoneal cavity in peritoneal dialysis?

Dialysate Signup and view all the answers

How is the dialysate removed from the peritoneal cavity in peritoneal dialysis?

By gravity Signup and view all the answers

During hemodialysis, what happens to the blood?

The blood is removed and filtered in the dialysis machine Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the semi-permeable filtering membrane in the dialysis machine?

To cleanse the blood by removing waste products Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the blood after it is filtered in the dialysis machine?

The cleansed blood is returned to the patient Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions may lead to the creation of a urinary stoma?

Bladder cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of creating a urinary stoma?

To divert urine flow from the kidneys Signup and view all the answers

Are urinary stomas always permanent?

No, they can be temporary or permanent Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure involves placing a tube directly onto the renal pelvis to provide urinary drainage?

Nephrostomy Signup and view all the answers

What does a ureter-ostomy involve?

Bringing the end of one or both ureters to the abdominal surface Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the purpose of creating a urinary stoma?

To divert the flow of urine from the kidneys to the abdominal surface Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the urinary stoma?

To divert the flow of urine from the kidneys to the abdominal surface Signup and view all the answers

Where does the flow of urine get diverted to with a urinary stoma?

The abdominal surface Signup and view all the answers

Which pH range is considered normal for most bacteria?

pH 4.6-8.0 Signup and view all the answers

What type of environment do most bacteria favor?

Alkaline Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH range that is considered mildly acidic for maintaining an alkaline environment for bacteria?

pH 4.0-6.0 Signup and view all the answers

Which pH range is considered normal for urine?

4.6-8.0 Signup and view all the answers

What is the average pH of normal urine?

6.0 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pH ranges is considered abnormal for urine?

7.0-9.0 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common sign of kidney diseases?

Protein in the urine Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of protein in the urine indicate?

Abnormal kidney function Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of protein in the urine?

It indicates kidney diseases Signup and view all the answers

Which range represents the normal specific gravity?

1.0053 - 1.030 Signup and view all the answers

What is specific gravity a measure of?

Density of a substance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT within the normal range for specific gravity?

1.035 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible consequence of vesicoureteral reflux?

Urinary tract infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of urine movement in vesicoureteral reflux?

From lower to upper urinary tract Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical structures are involved in vesicoureteral reflux?

Ureters and bladder Signup and view all the answers

The Incredible Functions of the Kidneys

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

What is the main function of erythropoietin produced by the kidneys?

Which substances secreted by the kidneys affect blood pressure?

Which of the following will result in an increased Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

What is the average Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in 1 minute?

What happens to the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) when there is a decreased blood flow through the kidney?

Which structure is considered the functional unit of the kidney?

Where does the filtration of blood occur in the nephron?

Which part of the nephron is responsible for reabsorbing water and nutrients?

Which hormone is released by the kidneys to regulate blood pressure and blood volume?

Which system is involved in water retention when there is a decrease in blood supply to the kidneys?

Which hormone is released by the kidneys to promote water retention?

Which enzyme converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2?

What is the main function of angiotensin 2?

Which hormone is released as a result of angiotensin 2 stimulation?

Which of the following is true when blood pressure (BP) falls?

What does a decrease in GFR promote?

What happens to GFR when blood pressure falls?

Which hormone regulates the osmolality of body fluids and causes renal cells to reabsorb water?

What is the main function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?

What effect does Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) have on urine volume?

Which of the following factors can increase or decrease urine output?

What is considered a danger sign in terms of urine output?

Which of the following can affect urine output?

Which of the following can affect urine output?

What disease can hinder physical activity and make it difficult to reach and use toilet facilities?

Which condition can cause end-stage renal disease, uremic syndrome, and autoimmune conditions like SLE and Goodpasture?

Which condition is characterized by the inability of the bladder to empty?

What is the term for the involuntary leakage of urine?

What does urinary diversion involve?

Which term refers to the presence of blood in the urine?

What is the term for the condition characterized by the inability of the bladder to empty?

Which term refers to the excessive production of urine?

Which of the following is the characteristic color of urine?

What is the typical odor of urine?

What is the usual clarity of urine, unless pathology is present?

Which type of urinalysis is frequently done in nursing homes, doctors offices, and hospitals?

What is the source of urine specimens used for urinalysis?

Which statement is true about urine dipsticks?

Which age group is most commonly affected by urinary incontinence?

What is the recommended fluid intake for patients, unless medically contraindicated?

What is one important measure to prevent skin breakdown in individuals with urinary incontinence?

What are the indications for dialysis?

What is one of the severe abnormalities that may require dialysis?

When is dialysis indicated for uremic syndrome?

Which of the following is the method used in peritoneal dialysis to cleanse the blood of waste products?

What is instilled into the peritoneal cavity in peritoneal dialysis?

How is the dialysate removed from the peritoneal cavity in peritoneal dialysis?

During hemodialysis, what happens to the blood?

What is the purpose of the semi-permeable filtering membrane in the dialysis machine?

What happens to the blood after it is filtered in the dialysis machine?

Which of the following conditions may lead to the creation of a urinary stoma?

What is the purpose of creating a urinary stoma?

Are urinary stomas always permanent?

Which procedure involves placing a tube directly onto the renal pelvis to provide urinary drainage?

What does a ureter-ostomy involve?

Which of the following is the purpose of creating a urinary stoma?

What is the function of the urinary stoma?

Where does the flow of urine get diverted to with a urinary stoma?

Which pH range is considered normal for most bacteria?

What type of environment do most bacteria favor?

What is the pH range that is considered mildly acidic for maintaining an alkaline environment for bacteria?

Which pH range is considered normal for urine?

What is the average pH of normal urine?

Which of the following pH ranges is considered abnormal for urine?

Which of the following is a common sign of kidney diseases?

What does the presence of protein in the urine indicate?

What is the significance of protein in the urine?

Which range represents the normal specific gravity?

What is specific gravity a measure of?

Which of the following is NOT within the normal range for specific gravity?

Which of the following is a possible consequence of vesicoureteral reflux?

What is the direction of urine movement in vesicoureteral reflux?

Which anatomical structures are involved in vesicoureteral reflux?

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