30 Questions
Which part of the olfactory system is responsible for binding specific odorant molecules?
Olfactory receptor neurons
What is the main function of olfactory cilia in olfaction?
Elicit changes in membrane current
What is the role of olfactory nerves in the olfactory system?
Transmit olfactory information to the olfactory cortex
Which cells within the olfactory epithelium continuously divide to generate new olfactory receptor neurons?
Precursor stem cells
How often are olfactory receptor neurons turned-over (renewed)?
Every 6-8 weeks
What is the structure responsible for transmitting olfactory information from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex?
Olfactory tract
What is the main function of olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory system?
Bind specific odorant molecules
Which sense is significantly diminished in individuals with Alzheimer's disease?
Olfactory sense
What is the consequence of a decline in olfactory ability?
Changes in taste perception
Which system converts the chemical and physical properties of food into electrical signals?
The gustatory (taste) system
What are taste cells responsible for?
Stimulus identity and quantity of a tastant
Which taste sensation is mediated by the binding of sweet foods to the T1R2 protein?
Sweet
What allows for the exocytosis of neurotransmitter onto afferent sensory neurons in taste cells?
Opening of voltage-gated sodium, calcium, and potassium channels
What role does pheromone signaling play in animal species?
Establishing and maintaining appropriate social, reproductive, and parenting behaviors
Which structures within the nasal epithelium secrete mucous to keep the epithelium moist and allow odorants to solubilize onto receptors?
Bowman's gland
What is the purpose of the basal axons of ORNs?
To project to the olfactory bulb
What is the role of glomeruli within the olfactory bulb?
To receive excitatory projections from ORNs
Which type of receptors do ORNs have?
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR)
What is the role of adenylate cyclase in olfactory signal transduction?
To generate cyclic AMP (cAMP)
Which olfactory targets do olfactory information from the initial olfactory bulb targets get distributed to?
Thalamus, hypothalamus, and frontal cortex
What can a reduction in olfactory sensitivity be a result of?
All of the above
Which protein is responsible for cleaving PLC into IP3 to activate TRPM5 calcium selective channels?
gustducin
Where does tastant information get relayed to for higher order processing and associative learning?
Insular and frontal cortex
Which cranial nerves synapse onto the solitary nucleus of the brainstem?
Taste buds
What is the role of the hypothalamus in the taste system?
Regulate visceral motor function
Which part of the brain regulates the emotional response to tastants?
Amygdala
What do taste buds relay information through?
Cranial nerves
Where are projections sent from the NTS in the brainstem?
Insular and frontal cortex
Where are the positive properties of food reinforced?
Ventral tegmental area
What is the role of the ventral tegmental area in the taste system?
Relay tastant information to central motivation and reward centers
Test your knowledge on the consequences of a decline in olfactory ability. Explore how changes in physiological and biological responses to odorants can impact individuals with Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Discover the effects of diminished olfactory sense and distorted perception of smell in this informative quiz.
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