The Immune System and Pathogen Defense Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of pathogenicity?

  • The enhanced ability of microbes to attach to host tissues
  • The actual damage or injury that impairs host function
  • The process of a microorganism establishing in a host
  • The ability of a parasite to inflict damage on the host (correct)

What are adhesins in the context of microbial infection?

  • Host receptors on the surface of pathogens
  • Microbes that attach to host tissues
  • Receptors on pathogen’s surface that enable it to bind to host cells (correct)
  • Molecules on the pathogen and host tissues that cause disease

How do pathogens typically gain access to host tissues?

  • By forming biofilms and adhering to the host via the biofilm
  • Via interactions between molecules on the pathogen and host tissues
  • Through mucous membranes, skin surface, or puncture wounds (correct)
  • Through the process of pathogenicity

What is the primary function of adherence in microbial infection?

<p>Enhanced ability of microbes to attach to host tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common pathogen-associated molecular pattern?

<p>Lipopolysaccharide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Toll-like receptors?

<p>Recognize and interact with specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of NFκB in phagocyte signal transduction?

<p>Activates transcription factors in response to the activation signal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of systemic inflammation?

<p>Spread of inflammation throughout the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Complement C5a in the alternative pathway of complement activation?

<p>Binding to the target and forming the membrane attack complex, resulting in cell lysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of natural killer cells when encountering a cell with stress proteins and without MHC I proteins?

<p>Activating and destroying the target by producing granzyme and perforin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major function of interferons produced by virally infected cells?

<p>Serving as a warning system and preventing viral replication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the specificity of B lymphocytes in adaptive immunity?

<p>Producing antibodies that interact and protect against extracellular antigen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of T lymphocytes (T cells) in adaptive immunity?

<p>Displaying antigen-specific receptors on their surface to defend against intracellular pathogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for the adherence of bacteria to host tissues?

<p>Fimbriae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of bacterial capsules in pathogenicity?

<p>Adherence and protection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of saliva provides an attachment site for bacteria on tooth surfaces?

<p>Glycoproteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does virulence refer to in the context of pathogens?

<p>The relative ability to cause disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of exotoxin?

<p>Endotoxins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virulence factor affects the localized nature of infections and invasion of deeper tissues?

<p>Coagulase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which toxin inhibits muscle contraction by cleaving proteins involved in acetylcholine release?

<p>Botulinum toxin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity involves lymphocytes and antibodies?

<p>Adaptive immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are responsible for recognizing and destroying pathogens in innate immunity?

<p>Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system transports immune system cells and proteins to various tissues and organs?

<p>Blood and lymph circulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the differentiation of blood stem cells into different blood cells influenced by?

<p>Cytokines and chemokines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which harmless microbes limit nutrients and sites for infection, preventing pathogen invasion?

<p>Competitive exclusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pathogenicity

The capacity of a parasite to harm its host.

Adhesins

Surface receptors on pathogens that bind to specific molecules on host cells, enabling attachment.

Access to tissues

The process by which pathogens gain entry into host tissues, typically via mucous membranes, skin, or wounds.

Adherence

The enhanced ability of microbes to attach to host tissues.

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Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)

A molecular pattern commonly found on pathogens and recognized by the immune system.

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Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

Receptors on immune cells that recognize and bind to specific PAMPs, triggering immune responses.

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NFκB

A transcription factor activated by TLR signaling, leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines.

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Systemic inflammation

Inflammation that affects multiple organs and tissues throughout the body.

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Complement C5a

A protein product of the complement pathway that binds to the target cell and aids in forming the membrane attack complex.

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Natural killer (NK) cells

Immune cells that target and destroy cells lacking MHC I proteins (infected or cancerous) by releasing cytotoxic granules.

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Interferons

Proteins produced by virally infected cells that warn neighboring cells of the threat and inhibit viral replication.

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Specificity of B lymphocytes

The ability of B cells to produce antibodies specific to a particular antigen.

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Role of T lymphocytes (T cells) in adaptive immunity

The role of T cells in adaptive immunity, displaying antigen-specific receptors to target and destroy intracellular pathogens.

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Fimbriae

Hair-like structures on the surface of bacteria that aid in attachment to host tissues.

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Bacterial capsules

A protective outer layer on bacteria that enhances adherence and provides resistance against immune defenses.

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Glycoproteins in saliva

Proteins in saliva that serve as attachment sites for bacteria on tooth surfaces.

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Virulence

The relative ability of a pathogen to cause disease.

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Exotoxins

Toxins released by bacteria that directly damage host cells.

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Coagulase

A virulence factor that promotes blood clotting, creating a barrier for the pathogen to hide within.

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Botulinum toxin

A toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum, preventing muscle contraction by inhibiting acetylcholine release.

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Adaptive immunity

The type of immunity that involves lymphocytes (B and T cells) and antibodies, providing a targeted response to specific pathogens.

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Neutrophils, Basophils, and Eosinophils

Immune cells that play a crucial role in innate immunity, engulfing and destroying pathogens.

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Blood and lymph circulation

The circulatory system responsible for transporting immune cells and substances to various parts of the body.

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Factors influencing blood stem cell differentiation

Factors, such as cytokines and chemokines, that influence the differentiation of blood stem cells into different types of blood cells.

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Competitive exclusion

Harmless microbes that occupy ecological niches, limiting resources and preventing pathogen invasion.

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Study Notes

Immune System and Pathogen Defense

  • Routes of infection are crucial for different diseases; e.g., tetanus is in deep wounds while Salmonella is ingested
  • Competitive exclusion: harmless microbes limit nutrients and sites for infection, preventing pathogen invasion
  • Physical and chemical barriers to infection include tight junctions, mucous layers, cilia, stomach acid, and skin composition
  • Blood and lymph circulation transport immune system cells and proteins to various tissues and organs
  • Lymphatic system drains lymph from tissues into lymph nodes containing high concentrations of immune system cells
  • Leukocytes and solutes pass from blood to the lymphatic system in capillary beds
  • Whole blood comprises plasma and cells with major cell types being erythrocytes, leukocytes, and lymphocytes
  • Hematopoiesis is the differentiation of blood stem cells into different blood cells influenced by cytokines and chemokines
  • Myeloid cells include antigen-presenting cells, T-lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells
  • Lymphoid stem cells produce T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells for innate and adaptive immunity
  • Phagocytes, such as neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils, recognize and destroy pathogens in innate immunity
  • Tissue damage leads to the recruitment of phagocytes to the site of injury through the release of cytokines and chemokines

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Microbiological Infection & Pathogenesis Notes PDF

Description

Test your knowledge of the immune system and pathogen defense with this quiz. Explore topics such as routes of infection, physical and chemical barriers, blood and lymph circulation, leukocytes, hematopoiesis, myeloid and lymphoid cells, and innate immunity.

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