Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to the peak-end rule, how do individuals primarily evaluate experiences?
According to the peak-end rule, how do individuals primarily evaluate experiences?
- By recalling every moment and doing a summation.
- By focusing solely on the duration, irrespective of emotional intensity.
- By averaging the emotional intensity over the entire duration of the event.
- Based on the most intense moment (peak) and the final moment (end) of the experience. (correct)
Which statement accurately describes the concept of 'duration neglect'?
Which statement accurately describes the concept of 'duration neglect'?
- The intensity of emotions experienced during an event is irrelevant to how we remember it.
- The duration of an event weighs heavily on how we judge that event.
- Our assessment of an experience is largely unaffected by its duration. (correct)
- People remember events more accurately the longer they are.
In the context of the 'I' and 'Me' selves, which statement best describes their relationship?
In the context of the 'I' and 'Me' selves, which statement best describes their relationship?
- The 'I' self remembers the experience, while the 'Me' self experiences it in the moment.
- They are identical and describe the same aspect of self-awareness.
- The 'I' self and 'Me' self always align perfectly in their experiences and recollections.
- The 'I' self experiences the present, while the 'Me' self remembers the past, often with differing evaluations. (correct)
A researcher conducts a study where participants rate their happiness while performing various activities. The results indicate that participants report higher happiness when their minds are focused on the task at hand compared to when their minds are wandering. Which psychological concept does this finding support?
A researcher conducts a study where participants rate their happiness while performing various activities. The results indicate that participants report higher happiness when their minds are focused on the task at hand compared to when their minds are wandering. Which psychological concept does this finding support?
What is the MOST accurate definition of 'flow' according to Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi?
What is the MOST accurate definition of 'flow' according to Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi?
Which of the following is NOT typically associated with the experience of 'flow'?
Which of the following is NOT typically associated with the experience of 'flow'?
How does the brain's default mode network (DMN) relate to mind-wandering?
How does the brain's default mode network (DMN) relate to mind-wandering?
In the context of hedonic state, what is the difference between summation over time and weighted averaging?
In the context of hedonic state, what is the difference between summation over time and weighted averaging?
What does research suggest about the relationship between the type of activity someone is engaged in and their level of happiness?
What does research suggest about the relationship between the type of activity someone is engaged in and their level of happiness?
Imagine a patient undergoes two medical procedures. Procedure A is shorter but has an intensely painful end. Procedure B is longer, with the same overall amount of pain as A, but the pain decreases gradually at the end. According to the peak-end rule, which procedure is the patient likely to remember more negatively?
Imagine a patient undergoes two medical procedures. Procedure A is shorter but has an intensely painful end. Procedure B is longer, with the same overall amount of pain as A, but the pain decreases gradually at the end. According to the peak-end rule, which procedure is the patient likely to remember more negatively?
Flashcards
"I" Self
"I" Self
Experiencing self; answers 'How do I feel now?'
"Me" Self
"Me" Self
Remembering self; answers 'How did I feel?'
Duration Neglect
Duration Neglect
Judgments are insensitive to the emotional event's duration; length doesn't impact the evaluation.
Peak/End Rule
Peak/End Rule
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Mind-wandering
Mind-wandering
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Default Mode Network
Default Mode Network
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Flow
Flow
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Study Notes
The "I" and "Me" Selves
- "I" Self: The experiencing self focused on the present ("How do I feel now?")
- "Me" Self: The remembering self focused on past experiences ("How did I feel?")
- The "I" and "Me" selves can differ in their experience.
- Recollections shape moment-to-moment experiences.
- Hedonic state fluctuates with positive and negative experiences and can be assessed by:
- Summation over time
- Weighted averaging
Duration Neglect and the Peak/End Rule
- Duration Neglect: Emotional event judgments are largely insensitive to the event's duration.
- Example: A longer, mildly annoying flight isn't perceived as much worse than a shorter one.
- Peak/End Rule: Judgments are based on:
- The most intense period (peak)
- The ending (end)
Study 1
- Participants viewed pleasant and unpleasant film clips of varying durations.
- During viewing, participants gave real-time affect ratings.
- Afterward, they provided global affect evaluations.
- Findings:
- Duration neglect was supported, with no strong correlation between duration and evaluations.
- There was a strong correlation between feelings during the peak and the end of the experience and overall evaluations.
- Adding a second negative event that is less negative can make people rate the experience as less negative overall.
Study 2
- Colonoscopy Patients:
- Patient A underwent a 10-minute procedure.
- Patient B underwent a longer procedure with the same amount of pain.
- Patient B will rate the experience better than A, because the end of the procedure was less intense for patient B.
- Takeaway: Moment-to-moment experiences versus how we remember them.
- Experience A: overall good experience with bad event at the end.
- Experience B: overall bad experience with good event at the end.
- Experience B is typically remembered as more positive (end-rule).
Mind-Wandering
- Mind-wandering: Thinking about something unrelated to the current task.
- Default Mode Network: Becomes active when the brain is at rest.
- The DMN consists of interconnected, coordinated brain regions.
- Greater mind-wandering is correlated with more DMN activity.
Mind-Wandering and Happiness Study
- People reported activities and whether mind-wandering occurred, along with the direction of wandering (positive, negative, neutral).
- Happiness was reported for each activity.
- Happiness was reported while mind-wandering on different topics.
- Bubble size indicates frequency, with "not mind wandering" representing 53% of samples.
- People were happier when their minds were not wandering.
- Time-lag analyses explore the relationship between happiness at time T and mind-wandering at T-1 versus T+1.
- Mind-wandering was reported in nearly 47% of samples.
- Mind-wandering was a stronger predictor of happiness than the activity type (11% vs 5% of variance).
- Concentration on a task may be intrinsically valuable.
Flow State
- Flow: Describing peak experiences in life.
- Characteristics of Flow:
- Absorption in the activity: merging awareness and action.
- Loss of self-consciousness.
- Altered sense of time.
- Sense of ecstasy.
- Intrinsic motivation + match between skill and challenge.
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