30 Questions
What was the predominant factor for short-term energy intake control according to the review of peripheral factors?
Psychological factors
What type of theory is better supported according to the review of peripheral factors: short-term glucostatic type or long-term lipostatic type?
Long-term lipostatic type theories
What was the neurological condition of RD, the 12-year-old boy who became rapidly obese?
Blindness
What is the typical outcome for children with craniopharyngioma after surgery to remove the tumor?
Severe obesity or emaciation
What is the association between permanent damage to the hypothalamus and weight regulation?
Lifelong problems with weight regulation
What was the inference drawn from cases like RD's regarding the role of the hypothalamus?
The hypothalamus must be involved in weight regulation
What was the consequence of affecting the 'satiety center' in RD's case?
Hyperphagia
What is the primary focus of the boundary model proposed by Herman & Polivy?
Biological (physiological) boundaries influencing eating behavior
According to the boundary model, what happens if we starve ourselves or overeat?
We become very uncomfortable
What is the average duration for which hunger strikers last?
Around 40 days
What is the historical significance of hunger striking as a form of social protest?
Used in Ireland and India as a form of social protest
What does the boundary model extend to in the context of disordered eating?
Both a and b
What may be more important than conscious control in short-term energy regulation?
Involuntary/automatic influences
What is the primary aim of hunger strikers who voluntarily restrict intake to the point of death?
A form of social protest
What does the text suggest about the ability of some people to diet and maintain weight in the long term?
Some people can diet and keep the weight off long term
What is the biological perspective on short and long term control of energy intake, according to the text?
Biological factors may make it easier to over-eat than to under-eat
Which neurotransmitters inhibit eating when their levels are raised?
Serotonin and dopamine
What selectively damages the hippocampus, according to years of animal and human data?
Diets rich in saturated fat and added sugar
Which component is associated with reduced appetite and is a component of chylomicrons, indicating the nutrient density of food in the blood?
Apolipoprotein A-IV
Which neurotransmitter induces satiation and satiety by reducing meal size, frequency, and eating rate?
Serotonin
Which neuropeptide increases eating when present in the hypothalamus?
Neuropeptide Y
What is regulated by leptin and appears to alter the set point of body weight, potentially leading to anorexia or obesity when abnormal?
Intracerebral corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)
Which neurotransmitter affects eating by altering the function of cells in the Paraventricular nucleus of the Hypothalamus and is involved in the regulation of food intake?
Leptin
Which brain area emerged as a hunger center in the study of hypothalamic regulation of eating behavior?
Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)
What did Stellar's theory propose about the Ventro Medial Hypothalamus (VMH) and the Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)?
VMH as a satiety center and LH as a hunger center
What challenge arose from early lesion techniques in studying hypothalamic regulation of eating behavior?
Distinguishing site-specific damage from fibers of passage damage
What did neuroimaging and neuropsychology studies reveal about feeding-related activities in the brain?
Involvement of multiple brain areas beyond the hypothalamus
What did the case of HM, with dense anterograde amnesia, eating quickly and excessively despite intact hypothalamic and bodily appetitive control systems, suggest?
Eating behavior may be under greater cognitive control than previously believed
What does understanding the complex interplay between biological and cognitive factors in eating behavior contribute to?
Advancing knowledge in the field
What did evidence from neuropsychological studies reveal about the impact of damage to brain areas such as the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and frontal lobes?
Lead to unusual patterns of eating behavior
Study Notes
Hypothalamic Regulation of Eating Behavior
- Hetherington & Ranson (1940) studied the effects of hypothalamic lesions on rat eating behavior, leading to the identification of the Ventro Medial Hypothalamus (VMH) as a satiety center.
- Lesions in the VMH induce hyperphagia, while electrical stimulation inhibits eating, supporting the VMH's role as a satiety center.
- The Lateral Hypothalamus (LH) emerged as a hunger center, as lesioning it caused rats to die of starvation, and stimulation induced eating.
- Stellar's theory proposed the VMH as a satiety center and the LH as a hunger center, both utilizing blood sugar level and body temperature to regulate ingestion.
- Evidence supporting the model of VMH and LH regulation raises questions about the specificity of the target behavior, the accuracy of lesion locations, and the involvement of other brain areas.
- Early lesion techniques were crude, leading to challenges in distinguishing site-specific damage from fibers of passage damage.
- Neuroimaging and neuropsychology studies reveal that feeding-related activities involve multiple brain areas beyond the hypothalamus, including the amygdala, insula cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and others.
- Neuropsychological evidence shows that damage to brain areas such as the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and frontal lobes can lead to unusual patterns of eating behavior.
- The case of HM, with dense anterograde amnesia, eating quickly and excessively despite intact hypothalamic and bodily appetitive control systems, raises questions about the cognitive control of eating.
- HM's case suggests that eating may be under greater cognitive control than previously believed, even when biological systems to regulate food intake are intact.
- These findings challenge the traditional understanding of eating behavior, indicating that it may be more cognitively influenced than previously thought.
- Understanding the complex interplay between biological and cognitive factors in eating behavior is crucial for advancing knowledge in this field.
Test your knowledge of the hypothalamic regulation of eating behavior with this quiz. Explore the roles of the Ventro Medial Hypothalamus (VMH) and the Lateral Hypothalamus (LH) as satiety and hunger centers, and learn about the impact of lesions and stimulation on eating behavior. Delve into the complexities of feeding regulation, including the involvement of other brain areas and the interplay between biological and cognitive factors.
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