The History of Translation
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Questions and Answers

Which two ancient Roman writers cautioned against translating 'word for word'?

  • Tacitus and Livy
  • Virgil and Ovid
  • Pliny and Seneca
  • Cicero and Horace (correct)
  • What has been the general practice of translation since antiquity?

  • It has hardly changed (correct)
  • It has become more literal
  • It has become more paraphrastic
  • It has become more flexible
  • Which languages have translators generally shown prudent flexibility in seeking equivalents for?

  • Only fixed-word-order languages
  • Only free-word-order languages
  • All languages (correct)
  • Only Romance languages
  • What do translators seek to preserve by reproducing the original order of sememes?

    <p>The context (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a greater problem in translation?

    <p>Translating terms relating to cultural concepts with no equivalent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the translator's role involve?

    <p>Carrying across values between cultures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is Terence?

    <p>A 2nd-century-BCE Roman adapter of Greek comedies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text?

    <p>Translating (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe a 'literal' or 'word-for-word' translation?

    <p>Metaphrase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the terminological distinction made in the English language between translating and interpreting?

    <p>Written vs oral communication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe a 'saying in other words' translation?

    <p>Paraphrase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which languages adopted the translātiō pattern for their word for 'translation'?

    <p>Slavic languages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk that a translator always faces when translating?

    <p>Introducing source-language words (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which languages adopted the trāductiō pattern for their word for 'translation'?

    <p>Russian and South Slavic languages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What have source-language calques and loanwords sometimes done to target languages?

    <p>Enriched them (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ancient Greek term means 'a speaking across' and has supplied English with the term 'metaphrase'?

    <p>Metaphrasis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What have translators, including early translators of sacred texts, helped shape?

    <p>The very languages into which they have translated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ancient Greek term means 'a saying in other words' and has supplied English with the term 'paraphrase'?

    <p>Paraphrase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has the rise of the Internet fostered in terms of translation services?

    <p>A world-wide market (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to John Dryden, what is translation?

    <p>The blending of metaphrase and paraphrase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the English word 'translation' derive from?

    <p>Latin word translatio (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with being the first European to posit that one translates satisfactorily only toward his own language?

    <p>Martin Luther (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who observed that 'Translation is a type of drawing after life'?

    <p>Dryden (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who compared the translator with a musician or actor?

    <p>Samuel Johnson (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who stated that if a translation is to be true, the translator must know both languages, as well as the science that he is to translate?

    <p>Roger Bacon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who emphasized that assiduous reading is a more comprehensive guide to a language than are dictionaries?

    <p>Alexander Tytler (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who described translation as an art both estimable and very difficult?

    <p>Ignacy Krasicki (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who wanted to do away with translation and translators altogether?

    <p>Roger Bacon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with being the author of the first Polish novel?

    <p>Ignacy Krasicki (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which traditions have largely replaced other traditions due to Western colonialism and cultural dominance?

    <p>Western traditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Ancient Roman Writers

    • Cicero and Horace cautioned against translating 'word for word'.

    Translation Practices

    • The general practice of translation since antiquity has involved seeking equivalents.

    Flexible Translation

    • Translators have shown prudent flexibility in seeking equivalents for languages like Latin, Greek, Chinese, and Arabic.

    Preserving Meaning

    • Translators seek to preserve the original order of sememes by reproducing the original meaning.

    Challenges in Translation

    • A greater problem in translation is the risk of losing the original meaning or context.

    Translator's Role

    • A translator's role involves preserving the original meaning and context of the text.

    Historical Figures

    • Terence was a Roman playwright who was also a translator.

    Translation Terms

    • Translation refers to the communication of the original meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text.
    • Metaphrase refers to a 'literal' or 'word-for-word' translation.
    • Paraphrase refers to a 'saying in other words' translation.

    Linguistic Influences

    • Languages that adopted the translātiō pattern for their word for 'translation' include English, French, and Spanish.
    • Languages that adopted the trāductiō pattern for their word for 'translation' include Italian and Portuguese.

    Language Impact

    • Source-language calques and loanwords have sometimes changed the structure and vocabulary of target languages.

    Ancient Greek Terms

    • The term 'metaphrase' comes from the ancient Greek term 'μετάφρασις' (metaphrasis), meaning 'a speaking across'.
    • The term 'paraphrase' comes from the ancient Greek term 'πァράφρασις' (paraphrasis), meaning 'a saying in other words'.

    Shaping Culture

    • Translators have helped shape cultural and literary traditions.

    Internet Impact

    • The rise of the Internet has fostered global translation services.

    Notable Quotes

    • According to John Dryden, translation is an improvement of the original text.
    • According to Voltaire, if a translation is to be true, the translator must know both languages, as well as the science that he is to translate.
    • According to Alexander Fraser Tytler, a translator should be like a musician or actor.
    • According to Samuel Johnson, if a translation is to be true, the translator must know both languages, as well as the science that he is to translate.
    • According to Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux, translation is an art both estimable and very difficult.

    Literary Figures

    • Henryk Sienkiewicz is credited with being the author of the first Polish novel.

    Globalization Impact

    • Western colonialism and cultural dominance have led to the replacement of other traditions with Western traditions.

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    Test your knowledge on the central concept of translation and its historical development. Explore the evolution of translation practices from ancient Rome to the present day.

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