Test for all- 55 terms from chapters 1,2,3 and 4

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Who was the Polish cleric and astronomer who proposed the heliocentric theory?

Tycho Brahe

Copernicus (correct)

Nicolaus

Johannes Kepler

What did Tycho Brahe contribute to the understanding of planetary motion?

He concluded that planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits.

He built on Copernicus's foundations.

He observed and recorded accurate data on planetary movements. (correct)

He discovered the laws that govern planetary motion.

What did Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion demonstrate?

Planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits. (correct)

Copernicus's basic ideas were false.

The stars revolve around the planets.

The geocentric theory accurately explains the movements of the sun, moon, and planets.

Which ancient Greek philosopher is credited with originating the geocentric theory?

Aristotle Signup and view all the answers

Who expanded the geocentric theory in the second century A.D.?

Ptolemy Signup and view all the answers

What did most scholars during the Middle Ages believe about the earth's position in the universe?

The earth was stationary at the center of the universe Signup and view all the answers

Which celestial body did Galileo observe to have four moons?

Jupiter Signup and view all the answers

What did Galileo observe about the sun?

It had dark spots Signup and view all the answers

What did Galileo's observations support?

The heliocentric theory Signup and view all the answers

Which religious groups were concerned about Galileo's findings?

Catholic and Protestant leaders Signup and view all the answers

What did the Catholic Church warn Galileo about in 1616?

Defending the ideas of Copernicus Signup and view all the answers

Which book did Galileo publish in 1632?

Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems Signup and view all the answers

Which three scientists are mentioned as the initiators of the revolution in scientific thinking that led to the development of the scientific method?

Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo Signup and view all the answers

What is the scientific method?

A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step in the scientific method?

Reaching a new conclusion Signup and view all the answers

Which two thinkers of the 1600s helped to advance the scientific method?

Francis Bacon and René Descartes Signup and view all the answers

What approach did Francis Bacon advocate for scientists?

Experimentation and drawing conclusions Signup and view all the answers

How did René Descartes approach gaining knowledge?

Using mathematics and logic Signup and view all the answers

Who helped to bring together the breakthroughs of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo under a single theory of motion?

Isaac Newton Signup and view all the answers

Which three scientists are mentioned as having shattered the old views of astronomy and physics in the mid-1600s?

Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo Signup and view all the answers

What did the accomplishments of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo do to the old views of astronomy and physics?

Invalidated them Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist is credited with bringing together the breakthroughs of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo under a single theory of motion?

Isaac Newton Signup and view all the answers

Who shattered the old views of astronomy and physics in the mid-1600s?

René Descartes Signup and view all the answers

Which three scientists are mentioned as the initiators of the revolution in scientific thinking that led to the development of the scientific method?

Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo Signup and view all the answers

Who invented the first microscope?

Zacharias Janssen Signup and view all the answers

Who observed bacteria swimming in tooth scrapings using a microscope?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek Signup and view all the answers

Who developed the first mercury barometer?

Evangelista Torricelli Signup and view all the answers

During the Middle Ages, European doctors had accepted as fact the writings of an ancient Greek physician named Galen. However, Galen had never dissected the body of a human being. Instead, he had studied the anatomy of pigs and other animals. Galen assumed that human anatomy was much the same. A Flemish physician named Andreas Vesalius proved Galen’s assumptions wrong. Vesalius dissected human corpses and published his observations.

b) He assumed that human anatomy was the same as that of pigs and other animals. Signup and view all the answers

Who proved Galen's assumptions about human anatomy wrong?

b) A Flemish physician named Andreas Vesalius Signup and view all the answers

What did European doctors during the Middle Ages accept as fact?

a) The writings of Galen Signup and view all the answers

Which disease did Edward Jenner use to produce the world's first vaccination?

Cowpox Signup and view all the answers

What was the main benefit of using cowpox for inoculation instead of smallpox?

It was a much milder disease Signup and view all the answers

What technique had been practiced in Asia for centuries before Edward Jenner introduced his vaccine?

Inoculation with smallpox Signup and view all the answers

Which book did Robert Boyle write that challenged Aristotle's idea of the four elements?

The Sceptical Chymist Signup and view all the answers

What is Boyle's most famous contribution to chemistry?

Boyle's Law Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered the founder of modern chemistry?

Robert Boyle Signup and view all the answers

Which field of life did the notions of reason and order move into, following their breakthroughs in science?

Government and politics Signup and view all the answers

What did philosophers and scholars across Europe begin to rethink, as a result of the notions of reason and order?

The rights and liberties of ordinary citizens Signup and view all the answers

What did the movement sparked by the thinkers challenging the age-old relationship between a government and its people eventually change?

The political landscape in numerous societies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Enlightenment movement?

An intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought Signup and view all the answers

What was the Enlightenment also known as?

The Age of Reason Signup and view all the answers

When did the Enlightenment reach its height?

In the mid-1700s Signup and view all the answers

According to Thomas Hobbes, why did people need to hand over their rights to a strong ruler?

To gain law and order Signup and view all the answers

What type of government did Thomas Hobbes believe was the best?

Absolute monarchy Signup and view all the answers

What did Thomas Hobbes call the agreement by which people created a government?

Social contract Signup and view all the answers

According to John Locke, what is the purpose of government?

To protect the natural rights of life, liberty, and property Signup and view all the answers

According to Locke, what is the source of a government's power?

The consent of the people Signup and view all the answers

What impact did Locke's theory have on modern political thinking?

It influenced the foundation of modern democracy Signup and view all the answers

Which country was the center of the Enlightenment in the mid-1700s?

France Signup and view all the answers

What did the philosophes believe could lead to the discovery of truth?

Reason Signup and view all the answers

What did the philosophes call for, inspired by the English Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights?

Liberty Signup and view all the answers

Which pen name did François Marie Arouet use when publishing his works?

Voltaire Signup and view all the answers

What were some of the targets of Voltaire's satire?

The clergy, the aristocracy, and the government Signup and view all the answers

What did Voltaire fight for throughout his life?

Tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech Signup and view all the answers

According to Montesquieu, which country had the best-governed and most politically balanced system in his own day?

Britain Signup and view all the answers

What did Montesquieu propose would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the government?

Separation of powers Signup and view all the answers

What term did Montesquieu use to describe the division of power among different branches of government?

Separation of powers Signup and view all the answers

According to Rousseau, what is the only good government?

A government that is freely formed by the people Signup and view all the answers

How did Rousseau's view of the social contract differ from Hobbes' view?

For Rousseau, it was an agreement among free individuals to create a society and a government Signup and view all the answers

What did Rousseau believe about titles of nobility?

They should be abolished Signup and view all the answers

According to Cesare Beccaria, what was the purpose of laws in the justice system?

To preserve social order Signup and view all the answers

What were some of the common abuses of justice criticized by Beccaria?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

According to Beccaria, what should the degree of punishment be based on?

The seriousness of the crime Signup and view all the answers

Mary Wollstonecraft disagreed with Rousseau's view on women's education because

She believed women need education to become virtuous and useful Signup and view all the answers

What did Mary Wollstonecraft urge women to do in the male-dominated fields?

Enter them Signup and view all the answers

When did Mary Wollstonecraft publish 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'?

In 1792 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following principles did Enlightenment writers challenge?

The divine right of monarchs Signup and view all the answers

What was the main focus of the philosophes?

Forming and popularizing new theories Signup and view all the answers

What were the long-term effects of Enlightenment thinking?

Shaping Western civilization Signup and view all the answers

During the Enlightenment, people began to openly question their religious beliefs and the teachings of the church. This led to the rise of a more secular outlook. What was the main reason for this shift in thinking?

The Scientific Revolution revealed that the mysteries of the universe could be explained mathematically Signup and view all the answers

Who sought to reveal God's majesty through his work, but often caused people to change the way they thought about God?

Newton Signup and view all the answers

What was the main goal of Voltaire and other critics of organized Christianity during the Enlightenment?

To challenge the beliefs and practices of organized Christianity Signup and view all the answers

During the Enlightenment, individuals were encouraged to use their own ability to reason and think in order to judge what was right or wrong. This emphasis on individual thinking led to the rise of which concept?

Individualism Signup and view all the answers

Who extended the emphasis on the individual to economic thinking during the Enlightenment?

Adam Smith Signup and view all the answers

What was the main focus of the greatest minds of Europe during the Enlightenment?

Scientific progress Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the impact of the Enlightenment in Europe?

It resulted in the spread of new ideas and discoveries. Signup and view all the answers

What were the consequences for philosophes who criticized the Catholic Church or the government in France?

They were imprisoned or exiled. Signup and view all the answers

How did Enlightenment ideas spread across Europe?

Through the printing press and people who traveled to different lands. Signup and view all the answers

During salons in Paris, which of the following individuals would have been most likely to attend?

Artists and scientists Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the salons in Paris?

To encourage intellectual discussions Signup and view all the answers

Where were the salons held in Paris?

In large mansions Signup and view all the answers

Who helped finance Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia project?

Marie-Thérèse Geoffrin Signup and view all the answers

When did Denis Diderot begin publishing the first volumes of his Encyclopedia?

1751 Signup and view all the answers

Why did the French government and the Catholic Church ban Diderot's Encyclopedia?

They said it undermined royal authority, encouraged a spirit of revolt, and fostered moral corruption, irreligion, and unbelief. Signup and view all the answers

During the 1600s and early 1700s, European art was dominated by which style?

Baroque Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following architectural styles borrowed ideas and themes from classical Greece and Rome?

Neoclassical Signup and view all the answers

What is the artistic style of the late 1700s called?

Neoclassical Signup and view all the answers

Which three composers rank among the greatest figures of the classical period in music?

Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven Signup and view all the answers

What type of literature became popular with a wide middle-class audience in the 1700s?

Novels Signup and view all the answers

Which novel is often considered the first true English novel?

Pamela by Samuel Richardson Signup and view all the answers

Who was the ruler of Austria from 1780 to 1790?

Joseph II Signup and view all the answers

Which reform did Joseph II introduce that was strongly opposed by the nobles?

Abolition of serfdom Signup and view all the answers

Who was the ruler of Russia from 1762 to 1796?

Catherine II Signup and view all the answers

What were the enlightened despots motivated by when making reforms?

To strengthen their countries and their own rule Signup and view all the answers

What did Frederick II of Prussia do to reform his country?

He improved education Signup and view all the answers

What did Frederick II of Prussia call himself?

The first servant of the state Signup and view all the answers

Which country did Catherine the Great seek access to the Black Sea from?

Ottoman Empire Signup and view all the answers

Which three neighboring powers each took a piece of Poland in the First Partition of Poland?

Russia, Prussia, and Austria Signup and view all the answers

By the end of Catherine's reign, which country had vastly enlarged its empire?

Russia Signup and view all the answers

Why did Voltaire consider England's government the most progressive in Europe?

Because it had a constitutional monarchy Signup and view all the answers

Why did a growing number of England's colonists in North America accuse England of tyrannical rule?

Because they were influenced by Enlightenment ideas Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England?

The establishment of a constitutional monarchy Signup and view all the answers

Who became king of Great Britain in 1760?

George III Signup and view all the answers

During which period did George III become king of Great Britain?

The 1700s Signup and view all the answers

At the time King George III became king, what was happening to the North American colonies?

They were growing Signup and view all the answers

Which country did the British colonists have to sell their most valuable products to, according to the Navigation Act?

Britain Signup and view all the answers

What did the British colonists have to pay high taxes on, according to the trade laws?

Dutch goods Signup and view all the answers

When was the Navigation Act passed by the British Parliament?

1651 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the achievements that Thomas Jefferson wanted to be most remembered for?

Designer of the Virginia State Capitol building Signup and view all the answers

What were some of the civil liberties that Thomas Jefferson supported?

Freedom of religion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Thomas Jefferson is FALSE?

He was a native of Virginia Signup and view all the answers

Which act passed by Parliament in 1765 required colonists to pay a tax on printed materials?

Stamp Act Signup and view all the answers

Why were American colonists outraged by the Stamp Act?

They had to pay taxes directly to the British government for the first time. Signup and view all the answers

What did colonial lawyers argue about the stamp tax?

It violated colonists' natural rights. Signup and view all the answers

Which event angered George III and led him to order the closing of the port of Boston?

The Boston Tea Party Signup and view all the answers

What did a group of colonists do to protest the import tax on tea?

Dumped British tea into Boston Harbor- The event was called the "Boston Tea Party" Signup and view all the answers

Why did George III order the closing of the port of Boston?

To punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party Signup and view all the answers

Which event led to the formation of the Second Continental Congress?

The treatment of Boston Signup and view all the answers

What were some of Thomas Jefferson's achievements?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Who was chosen to lead the American army during the American Revolution?

George Washington Signup and view all the answers

Why did colonial leaders use Enlightenment ideas to justify independence?

Because they believed the king had broken the social contract Signup and view all the answers

Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?

Thomas Jefferson Signup and view all the answers

When was the Declaration of Independence issued?

July 1776 Signup and view all the answers

According to the Declaration of Independence, what are some of the unalienable rights endowed by the Creator?

The right to life and liberty Signup and view all the answers

What did the Declaration of Independence declare about the colonies' allegiance to the British crown?

The colonies are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown Signup and view all the answers

What did John Locke assert about the right of people in relation to an unjust ruler?

People have the right to rebel against an unjust ruler Signup and view all the answers

Which document established the United States as a republic?

The Articles of Confederation Signup and view all the answers

When were the Articles of Confederation ratified?

1781 Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Articles of Confederation?

To establish a national government Signup and view all the answers

Which Enlightenment thinker's ideas about government power and consent of the people influenced the US Constitution?

John Locke Signup and view all the answers

Which Enlightenment thinker's ideas about the separation of powers influenced the US Constitution?

Montesquieu Signup and view all the answers

Which Enlightenment thinker's beliefs about freedom of speech and religious toleration influenced the US Constitution?

Voltaire Signup and view all the answers

Which level of government did the Constitution create, alongside the strong central government?

Local governments Signup and view all the answers

What type of government did the Constitution set up?

Federal government Signup and view all the answers

What did the Constitution do to local governments?

Strengthened them Signup and view all the answers

Which group argued in favor of the Constitution in their famous work, the Federalist Papers?

Federalists Signup and view all the answers

What did the Antifederalists fear about the Constitution?

The central government would have too much power Signup and view all the answers

What was required for the Constitution to become law?

Approval by conventions in at least 9 of the 13 states Signup and view all the answers

Which group promised to add a bill of rights to the Constitution in order to gain support?

The Federalists Signup and view all the answers

What are the ten amendments added to the Constitution known as?

The Bill of Rights Signup and view all the answers

Which rights are protected by the amendments in the Bill of Rights?

Freedom of speech, press, assembly, and religion Signup and view all the answers

Test for all- 55 terms from chapters 1,2,3 and 4 - Given to you by your teacher

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Questions and Answers

Who was the Polish cleric and astronomer who proposed the heliocentric theory?

What did Tycho Brahe contribute to the understanding of planetary motion?

What did Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion demonstrate?

Which ancient Greek philosopher is credited with originating the geocentric theory?

Who expanded the geocentric theory in the second century A.D.?

What did most scholars during the Middle Ages believe about the earth's position in the universe?

Which celestial body did Galileo observe to have four moons?

What did Galileo observe about the sun?

What did Galileo's observations support?

Which religious groups were concerned about Galileo's findings?

What did the Catholic Church warn Galileo about in 1616?

Which book did Galileo publish in 1632?

Which three scientists are mentioned as the initiators of the revolution in scientific thinking that led to the development of the scientific method?

What is the scientific method?

What is the final step in the scientific method?

Which two thinkers of the 1600s helped to advance the scientific method?

What approach did Francis Bacon advocate for scientists?

How did René Descartes approach gaining knowledge?

Who helped to bring together the breakthroughs of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo under a single theory of motion?

Which three scientists are mentioned as having shattered the old views of astronomy and physics in the mid-1600s?

What did the accomplishments of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo do to the old views of astronomy and physics?

Which scientist is credited with bringing together the breakthroughs of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo under a single theory of motion?

Who shattered the old views of astronomy and physics in the mid-1600s?

Which three scientists are mentioned as the initiators of the revolution in scientific thinking that led to the development of the scientific method?

Who invented the first microscope?

Who observed bacteria swimming in tooth scrapings using a microscope?

Who developed the first mercury barometer?

Who proved Galen's assumptions about human anatomy wrong?

What did European doctors during the Middle Ages accept as fact?

Which disease did Edward Jenner use to produce the world's first vaccination?

What was the main benefit of using cowpox for inoculation instead of smallpox?

What technique had been practiced in Asia for centuries before Edward Jenner introduced his vaccine?

Which book did Robert Boyle write that challenged Aristotle's idea of the four elements?

What is Boyle's most famous contribution to chemistry?

Who is considered the founder of modern chemistry?

Which field of life did the notions of reason and order move into, following their breakthroughs in science?

What did philosophers and scholars across Europe begin to rethink, as a result of the notions of reason and order?

What did the movement sparked by the thinkers challenging the age-old relationship between a government and its people eventually change?

Which of the following best describes the Enlightenment movement?

What was the Enlightenment also known as?

When did the Enlightenment reach its height?

According to Thomas Hobbes, why did people need to hand over their rights to a strong ruler?

What type of government did Thomas Hobbes believe was the best?

What did Thomas Hobbes call the agreement by which people created a government?

According to John Locke, what is the purpose of government?

According to Locke, what is the source of a government's power?

What impact did Locke's theory have on modern political thinking?

Which country was the center of the Enlightenment in the mid-1700s?

What did the philosophes believe could lead to the discovery of truth?

What did the philosophes call for, inspired by the English Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights?

Which pen name did François Marie Arouet use when publishing his works?

What were some of the targets of Voltaire's satire?

What did Voltaire fight for throughout his life?

According to Montesquieu, which country had the best-governed and most politically balanced system in his own day?

What did Montesquieu propose would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the government?

What term did Montesquieu use to describe the division of power among different branches of government?

According to Rousseau, what is the only good government?

How did Rousseau's view of the social contract differ from Hobbes' view?

What did Rousseau believe about titles of nobility?

According to Cesare Beccaria, what was the purpose of laws in the justice system?

What were some of the common abuses of justice criticized by Beccaria?

According to Beccaria, what should the degree of punishment be based on?

Mary Wollstonecraft disagreed with Rousseau's view on women's education because

What did Mary Wollstonecraft urge women to do in the male-dominated fields?

When did Mary Wollstonecraft publish 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'?

Which of the following principles did Enlightenment writers challenge?

What was the main focus of the philosophes?

What were the long-term effects of Enlightenment thinking?

During the Enlightenment, people began to openly question their religious beliefs and the teachings of the church. This led to the rise of a more secular outlook. What was the main reason for this shift in thinking?

Who sought to reveal God's majesty through his work, but often caused people to change the way they thought about God?

What was the main goal of Voltaire and other critics of organized Christianity during the Enlightenment?

During the Enlightenment, individuals were encouraged to use their own ability to reason and think in order to judge what was right or wrong. This emphasis on individual thinking led to the rise of which concept?

Who extended the emphasis on the individual to economic thinking during the Enlightenment?

What was the main focus of the greatest minds of Europe during the Enlightenment?

Which of the following best describes the impact of the Enlightenment in Europe?

What were the consequences for philosophes who criticized the Catholic Church or the government in France?

How did Enlightenment ideas spread across Europe?