Test for all- 55 terms from chapters 1,2,3 and 4 - Given to you by your teacher

Who was the Polish cleric and astronomer who proposed the heliocentric theory?

What did Tycho Brahe contribute to the understanding of planetary motion?

What did Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion demonstrate?

Which ancient Greek philosopher is credited with originating the geocentric theory?

Who expanded the geocentric theory in the second century A.D.?

What did most scholars during the Middle Ages believe about the earth's position in the universe?

Which celestial body did Galileo observe to have four moons?

What did Galileo observe about the sun?

What did Galileo's observations support?

Which religious groups were concerned about Galileo's findings?

What did the Catholic Church warn Galileo about in 1616?

Which book did Galileo publish in 1632?

Which three scientists are mentioned as the initiators of the revolution in scientific thinking that led to the development of the scientific method?

What is the scientific method?

What is the final step in the scientific method?

Which two thinkers of the 1600s helped to advance the scientific method?

What approach did Francis Bacon advocate for scientists?

How did René Descartes approach gaining knowledge?

Who helped to bring together the breakthroughs of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo under a single theory of motion?

Which three scientists are mentioned as having shattered the old views of astronomy and physics in the mid-1600s?

What did the accomplishments of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo do to the old views of astronomy and physics?

Which scientist is credited with bringing together the breakthroughs of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo under a single theory of motion?

Who shattered the old views of astronomy and physics in the mid-1600s?

Which three scientists are mentioned as the initiators of the revolution in scientific thinking that led to the development of the scientific method?

Who invented the first microscope?

Who observed bacteria swimming in tooth scrapings using a microscope?

Who developed the first mercury barometer?

During the Middle Ages, European doctors had accepted as fact the writings of an ancient Greek physician named Galen. However, Galen had never dissected the body of a human being. Instead, he had studied the anatomy of pigs and other animals. Galen assumed that human anatomy was much the same. A Flemish physician named Andreas Vesalius proved Galen’s assumptions wrong. Vesalius dissected human corpses and published his observations.

Who proved Galen's assumptions about human anatomy wrong?

What did European doctors during the Middle Ages accept as fact?

Which disease did Edward Jenner use to produce the world's first vaccination?

What was the main benefit of using cowpox for inoculation instead of smallpox?

What technique had been practiced in Asia for centuries before Edward Jenner introduced his vaccine?

Which book did Robert Boyle write that challenged Aristotle's idea of the four elements?

What is Boyle's most famous contribution to chemistry?

Who is considered the founder of modern chemistry?

Which field of life did the notions of reason and order move into, following their breakthroughs in science?

What did philosophers and scholars across Europe begin to rethink, as a result of the notions of reason and order?

What did the movement sparked by the thinkers challenging the age-old relationship between a government and its people eventually change?

Which of the following best describes the Enlightenment movement?

What was the Enlightenment also known as?

When did the Enlightenment reach its height?

According to Thomas Hobbes, why did people need to hand over their rights to a strong ruler?

What type of government did Thomas Hobbes believe was the best?

What did Thomas Hobbes call the agreement by which people created a government?

According to John Locke, what is the purpose of government?

According to Locke, what is the source of a government's power?

What impact did Locke's theory have on modern political thinking?

Which country was the center of the Enlightenment in the mid-1700s?

What did the philosophes believe could lead to the discovery of truth?

What did the philosophes call for, inspired by the English Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights?

Which pen name did François Marie Arouet use when publishing his works?

What were some of the targets of Voltaire's satire?

What did Voltaire fight for throughout his life?

According to Montesquieu, which country had the best-governed and most politically balanced system in his own day?

What did Montesquieu propose would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the government?

What term did Montesquieu use to describe the division of power among different branches of government?

According to Rousseau, what is the only good government?

How did Rousseau's view of the social contract differ from Hobbes' view?

What did Rousseau believe about titles of nobility?

According to Cesare Beccaria, what was the purpose of laws in the justice system?

What were some of the common abuses of justice criticized by Beccaria?

According to Beccaria, what should the degree of punishment be based on?

Mary Wollstonecraft disagreed with Rousseau's view on women's education because

What did Mary Wollstonecraft urge women to do in the male-dominated fields?

When did Mary Wollstonecraft publish 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'?

Which of the following principles did Enlightenment writers challenge?

What was the main focus of the philosophes?

What were the long-term effects of Enlightenment thinking?

During the Enlightenment, people began to openly question their religious beliefs and the teachings of the church. This led to the rise of a more secular outlook. What was the main reason for this shift in thinking?

Who sought to reveal God's majesty through his work, but often caused people to change the way they thought about God?

What was the main goal of Voltaire and other critics of organized Christianity during the Enlightenment?

During the Enlightenment, individuals were encouraged to use their own ability to reason and think in order to judge what was right or wrong. This emphasis on individual thinking led to the rise of which concept?

Who extended the emphasis on the individual to economic thinking during the Enlightenment?

What was the main focus of the greatest minds of Europe during the Enlightenment?

Which of the following best describes the impact of the Enlightenment in Europe?

What were the consequences for philosophes who criticized the Catholic Church or the government in France?

How did Enlightenment ideas spread across Europe?

During salons in Paris, which of the following individuals would have been most likely to attend?

What was the primary purpose of the salons in Paris?

Where were the salons held in Paris?

Who helped finance Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia project?

When did Denis Diderot begin publishing the first volumes of his Encyclopedia?

Why did the French government and the Catholic Church ban Diderot's Encyclopedia?

During the 1600s and early 1700s, European art was dominated by which style?

Which of the following architectural styles borrowed ideas and themes from classical Greece and Rome?

What is the artistic style of the late 1700s called?

Which three composers rank among the greatest figures of the classical period in music?

What type of literature became popular with a wide middle-class audience in the 1700s?

Which novel is often considered the first true English novel?

Who was the ruler of Austria from 1780 to 1790?

Which reform did Joseph II introduce that was strongly opposed by the nobles?

Who was the ruler of Russia from 1762 to 1796?

What were the enlightened despots motivated by when making reforms?

What did Frederick II of Prussia do to reform his country?

What did Frederick II of Prussia call himself?

Which country did Catherine the Great seek access to the Black Sea from?

Which three neighboring powers each took a piece of Poland in the First Partition of Poland?

By the end of Catherine's reign, which country had vastly enlarged its empire?

Why did Voltaire consider England's government the most progressive in Europe?

Why did a growing number of England's colonists in North America accuse England of tyrannical rule?

What was the result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England?

Who became king of Great Britain in 1760?

During which period did George III become king of Great Britain?

At the time King George III became king, what was happening to the North American colonies?

Which country did the British colonists have to sell their most valuable products to, according to the Navigation Act?

What did the British colonists have to pay high taxes on, according to the trade laws?

When was the Navigation Act passed by the British Parliament?

Which of the following is NOT one of the achievements that Thomas Jefferson wanted to be most remembered for?

What were some of the civil liberties that Thomas Jefferson supported?

Which of the following statements about Thomas Jefferson is FALSE?

Which act passed by Parliament in 1765 required colonists to pay a tax on printed materials?

Why were American colonists outraged by the Stamp Act?

What did colonial lawyers argue about the stamp tax?

Which event angered George III and led him to order the closing of the port of Boston?

What did a group of colonists do to protest the import tax on tea?

Why did George III order the closing of the port of Boston?

Which event led to the formation of the Second Continental Congress?

What were some of Thomas Jefferson's achievements?

Who was chosen to lead the American army during the American Revolution?

Why did colonial leaders use Enlightenment ideas to justify independence?

Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?

When was the Declaration of Independence issued?

According to the Declaration of Independence, what are some of the unalienable rights endowed by the Creator?

What did the Declaration of Independence declare about the colonies' allegiance to the British crown?

What did John Locke assert about the right of people in relation to an unjust ruler?

Which document established the United States as a republic?

When were the Articles of Confederation ratified?

What was the purpose of the Articles of Confederation?

Which Enlightenment thinker's ideas about government power and consent of the people influenced the US Constitution?

Which Enlightenment thinker's ideas about the separation of powers influenced the US Constitution?

Which Enlightenment thinker's beliefs about freedom of speech and religious toleration influenced the US Constitution?

Which level of government did the Constitution create, alongside the strong central government?

What type of government did the Constitution set up?

What did the Constitution do to local governments?

Which group argued in favor of the Constitution in their famous work, the Federalist Papers?

What did the Antifederalists fear about the Constitution?

What was required for the Constitution to become law?

Which group promised to add a bill of rights to the Constitution in order to gain support?

What are the ten amendments added to the Constitution known as?

Which rights are protected by the amendments in the Bill of Rights?