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Questions and Answers
What is the major circulatory organ of the body?
What is the major circulatory organ of the body?
Heart
Which side of the heart pumps blood into systemic circulation?
Which side of the heart pumps blood into systemic circulation?
What are the three principal components of stroke volume?
What are the three principal components of stroke volume?
Hypertension is defined as the elevation of blood pressure.
Hypertension is defined as the elevation of blood pressure.
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What does the aortic valve do?
What does the aortic valve do?
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What is cardiac output?
What is cardiac output?
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Blood pressure is measured as systolic over diastolic pressure, represented as _____ / _____.
Blood pressure is measured as systolic over diastolic pressure, represented as _____ / _____.
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What is the normal range of cardiac output?
What is the normal range of cardiac output?
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What type of valve closure produces the S2 heart sound?
What type of valve closure produces the S2 heart sound?
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Endocarditis is commonly caused by streptococcus viridans.
Endocarditis is commonly caused by streptococcus viridans.
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Study Notes
The Heart
- The heart is the central organ of the circulatory system.
- Weighs about 300 grams.
- Divided into two systems: left and right.
Left Side of Heart
- Pumps blood into systemic circulation.
Right Side of Heart
- Pumps blood into pulmonic circulation.
Heart Chambers and Valves
- The heart consists of four chambers: Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Left Atrium, Left Ventricle.
- Each chamber is connected to another by a valve.
Right Atrium
- Receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena cavae.
- Pumps blood to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.
Right Ventricle
- Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium.
- Pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation through the pulmonic valve.
Left Atrium
- Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins.
- Pumps blood to the left ventricle through the mitral valve.
Left Ventricle
- The most muscular chamber of the heart.
- Receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium.
- Pumps blood to the rest of the body through the aortic valve.
Stroke Volume
- The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each beat.
- Determined by three factors: Preload, Afterload, Contractility.
Preload
- Refers to the amount of blood filling the ventricle during relaxation.
- Higher preload leads to increased stroke volume.
Afterload
- Refers to the resistance the ventricle must overcome to eject blood.
- Higher afterload leads to decreased stroke volume.
Contractility
- Refers to the heart's ability to contract.
- Increased contractility leads to increased stroke volume.
Blood Pressure
- Measured as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure.
- Systolic: The pressure generated by the heart during contraction reflecting the ventricle ejecting blood into the arteries.
- Diastolic: The remaining pressure in the arteries before the heart contracts.
Heart Sounds
- Auscultated using a stethoscope.
- S1: The "lub" sound, created by the closure of the atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral). Occurs during systole.
- S2: The "dub" sound, created by the closure of the semilunar valves (pulmonic and aortic). Occurs during diastole.
- S3 and S4: Abnormal sounds associated with heart problems.
Murmurs
- Sounds created by turbulent blood flow.
- Often associated with valvular heart disease (VHD).
Cardiovascular Disorders
Hypertension
- High blood pressure.
- Treated with vasodilators to decrease cardiac output, preload, afterload, contractility, and total peripheral resistance.
Shock
- A life-threatening condition with decreased blood flow to tissues.
- Treatment uses vasopressors/vasoconstrictors to increase cardiac output.
Examples:
- Dopamine
- Dobutamine
- Livufed
Valvular Heart Disease (VHD)
- A group of disorders affecting the heart valves, resulting in inefficient blood flow.
- VHD can lead to complications such as endocarditis.
Endocarditis
- Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart, typically the valves.
- Caused by bacteria, often Streptococcus viridans or Staphylococcus aureus.
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Description
Test your knowledge about the heart's structure and function with this detailed quiz. Explore the various chambers, valves, and overall role of the heart in the circulatory system. Perfect for students studying anatomy and physiology.
