The Heart Anatomy and Function
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Questions and Answers

What are the two main functions of the human heart?

  • To filter blood and to produce red blood cells.
  • To pump blood throughout the body and to regulate blood pressure.
  • To regulate body temperature and to store blood.
  • To receive oxygen-poor blood from the body, pump it to the lungs, and then receive oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pump it throughout the body. (correct)

    • The right side of the heart receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it throughout the body.

    False (B)

    What are the two main receiving chambers of the heart called?

    Right atrium and left atrium

    What are the two main pumping chambers of the heart called?

    <p>Right ventricle and left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where in the body is the human heart located?

    <p>In the thorax, posterior to the sternum and costal cartilages, resting on the superior surface of the diaphragm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements about the pericardium are correct? (Select all that apply)

    <p>The pericardium reduces friction between the beating heart and the outer wall of the pericardial sac. (A), The pericardium is a triple layer sac that includes the fibrous pericardium, parietal layer, and visceral layer. (C), The pericardium prevents the heart from overfilling with blood. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following statements about the layers of the heart wall is incorrect?

    <p>The endocardium is the innermost layer, made up of smooth muscle tissue and lines the heart chambers and covers the heart valves. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The interventricular septum is a wall of tissue that separates the two atria.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two grooves that mark the boundaries of the heart chambers?

    <p>The coronary sulcus and the anterior interventricular sulcus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for the left atrioventricular valve?

    <p>The mitral valve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tricuspid valve is found between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main functions of the cardiac skeleton?

    <p>Anchors the valve cusps and prevents overdilation of the valve openings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sound is considered to be the closing of the atrioventricular valves at the start of ventricular contraction?

    <p>&quot;Lub&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the impulse that signals each heart beat start?

    <p>Sinoatrial (SA) node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these are true about the innervation of the heart? (Select all that apply)

    <p>The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate and strengthens contractions. (B), The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate and is restricted to the SA and AV nodes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the left coronary artery branch into?

    <p>The anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the vessel that supplies the posterior part of the left ventricle?

    <p>Circumflex artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The right coronary artery emerges from the left side of the aorta.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the branch of the right coronary artery that goes towards the apex of the heart?

    <p>Marginal artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heartbeat is a single sequence of ventricular contraction followed by atrial contraction.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the contraction phase of a heart chamber?

    <p>Systole.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the relaxation phase of a heart chamber?

    <p>Diastole.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements about cardiac muscle tissue is incorrect?

    <p>Cardiac muscle cells are smooth muscle cells, meaning they are uninucleated and lack striations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardiac myofibers are branching networks of cardiac muscle cells.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gap junctions allow ions to pass freely between cardiac muscle cells.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for the specialized cardiac muscle cells that carry impulses throughout the heart's musculature?

    <p>Conducting system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The SA node sets the basic heart rate.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Pulmonary Circuit

    Blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs.

    Systemic Circuit

    Vessels carrying blood to and from body tissues & back to the heart.

    Right Atrium

    Heart chamber receiving deoxygenated blood from the body.

    Left Atrium

    Heart chamber receiving oxygenated blood from the lungs.

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    Right Ventricle

    Heart chamber pumping blood to the lungs.

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    Left Ventricle

    Heart chamber pumping blood to the body.

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    Pericardium

    Triple-layered sac enclosing the heart.

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    Fibrous Pericardium

    Tough outer layer of the pericardium; anchors heart.

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    Serous Pericardium

    Double-layered inner covering of the heart.

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    Epicardium

    Outer layer of the heart wall (visceral layer of serous pericardium).

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    Myocardium

    Thick muscle layer of the heart wall; responsible for pumping.

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    Endocardium

    Inner layer of the heart wall; lines chambers and covers valves.

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    Interatrial Septum

    Divides the atria of the heart.

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    Interventricular Septum

    Divides the ventricles of the heart.

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    Superior Vena Cava

    Large vein carrying deoxygenated blood from upper body to right atrium.

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    Inferior Vena Cava

    Large vein carrying deoxygenated blood from lower body to right atrium.

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    Coronary Sinus

    Vein carrying deoxygenated blood from the heart itself to the right atrium.

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    Atrioventricular Valves

    Valves preventing backflow from ventricles to atria.

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    Tricuspid Valve

    Right atrioventricular valve with 3 cusps.

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    Mitral Valve

    Left atrioventricular valve with 2 cusps.

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    Semilunar Valves

    Valves preventing backflow into ventricles from arteries.

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    Cardiac Cycle

    Single sequence of atrial & ventricular contraction-relaxation.

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    Systole

    Contraction phase of a heart chamber.

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    Diastole

    Relaxation phase of a heart chamber.

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    Intercalated Discs

    Junctions connecting cardiac muscle cells.

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    Study Notes

    The Heart

    • The heart is a muscular double pump with two functions:

      • Right side: Receives deoxygenated blood from the body, pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation.
      • Left side: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, pumps it to the body.

    • Pulmonary Circuit: Blood vessels carrying blood to and from the lungs.

    • Systemic Circuit: Blood vessels transporting blood to and from all body tissues.

    • Heart Chambers: Two receiving chambers (atria) and two pumping chambers (ventricles).

      • Right/left atrium: Receive blood returning from the circuits.
      • Right/left ventricle: Pump blood around the circuits.

    • Location in the Thorax:

      • Posterior to the sternum and costal cartilages.
      • Rests on the superior surface of the diaphragm.
      • Largest organ in the mediastinum.
      • Oblique position, with apex to the left.

    Heart Structure

    • Coverings:
      • Pericardium: A triple-layered sac enclosing the heart.
        • Fibrous pericardium (outer layer): Strong, dense connective tissue.
        • Serous pericardium (inner layer): Adheres to the outer surface of the heart.

    Heart Wall Layers

    • Epicardium (outer layer): Often infiltrated with fat, especially in older people.
    • Myocardium (middle layer): The bulk of the heart, made of cardiac muscle.
    • Endocardium (inner layer): A simple squamous epithelium lining the heart chambers and valves.

    Heart Chambers

    • Four chambers: Right and left atria, right and left ventricles.
    • Interatrial septum: Divides the atria.
    • Interventricular septum: Separates the ventricles.
    • Boundaries: Marked by coronary sulci (grooves) between atria and ventricles.

    Heart Valves

    • Atrioventricular (AV) valves: Control blood flow between atria and ventricles.
    • Tricuspid valve: Between right atrium and right ventricle.
    • Bicuspid/Mitral valve: Between left atrium and left ventricle.
    • Pulmonary valve: Between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery.
    • Aortic valve: Between the left ventricle and aorta.

    Heart Valves (Structure and Function)

    • Valves are reinforced by dense connective tissue.
    • AV valves (tricuspid/mitral): Have 2 or 3 cusps anchored by chordae tendineae to papillary muscles.
    • Semilunar valves (pulmonary/aortic): Have 3 cusps that close to prevent backflow.

    Pathways of Blood Flow

    • Deoxygenated blood from body enters the right atrium.
    • Blood flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
    • The right ventricle contracts, forcing blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery to the lungs.
    • Oxygenated blood from lungs re-enters the left atrium through pulmonary veins.
    • Blood flows through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.
    • The left ventricle contracts, forcing blood through the aortic valve into the aorta and to the body.

    Heartbeat

    • Heartbeat: Single sequence of atrial contraction followed by ventricular contraction.
      • Resting heart rate: 70-80 bpm.
      • Systole: Contraction phase.
      • Diastole: Relaxation phase.

    Cardiac Muscle Tissue

    • Cardiac muscle cells are short, branched, with one or two centrally located nuclei, and interconnected by intercalated discs.
    • Intercalated discs provide a network for rapid transmission of signals through the heart.
    • Muscle contractions occur through the sliding filament mechanism.
    • Cardiac muscle contains branching networks of myofibers, which interact via intercalated discs.

    Conducting System & Innervation

    • Cardiac conduction system: Specialized cardiac muscle cells that conduct electrical impulses to coordinate heart contractions.
      • SA node (pacemaker) initiates each heartbeat.
    • Heart rate can be regulated by:
      • Extrinsic neural controls (parasympathetic and sympathetic).

    Blood Supply to the Heart

    • Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.
      • Left coronary artery (LCA): Divides into anterior interventricular and circumflex branches.
      • Right coronary artery (RCA): Branches into marginal and posterior interventricular branches.

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    Related Documents

    Heart Anatomy Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the anatomy and function of the heart, detailing its structure, the pulmonary and systemic circuits, and the heart's chambers. Test your knowledge on how the heart operates as a dual pump and its location within the thorax. Perfect for students studying human biology or anatomy.

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