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What are the two main functions of the human heart?
What are the two main functions of the human heart?
The right side of the heart receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it throughout the body.
The right side of the heart receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it throughout the body.
False
What are the two main receiving chambers of the heart called?
What are the two main receiving chambers of the heart called?
Right atrium and left atrium
What are the two main pumping chambers of the heart called?
What are the two main pumping chambers of the heart called?
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Where in the body is the human heart located?
Where in the body is the human heart located?
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Which of these statements about the pericardium are correct? (Select all that apply)
Which of these statements about the pericardium are correct? (Select all that apply)
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Which one of the following statements about the layers of the heart wall is incorrect?
Which one of the following statements about the layers of the heart wall is incorrect?
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The interventricular septum is a wall of tissue that separates the two atria.
The interventricular septum is a wall of tissue that separates the two atria.
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What are the two grooves that mark the boundaries of the heart chambers?
What are the two grooves that mark the boundaries of the heart chambers?
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What is another name for the left atrioventricular valve?
What is another name for the left atrioventricular valve?
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The tricuspid valve is found between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk.
The tricuspid valve is found between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk.
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What are the two main functions of the cardiac skeleton?
What are the two main functions of the cardiac skeleton?
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What sound is considered to be the closing of the atrioventricular valves at the start of ventricular contraction?
What sound is considered to be the closing of the atrioventricular valves at the start of ventricular contraction?
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Where does the impulse that signals each heart beat start?
Where does the impulse that signals each heart beat start?
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Which of these are true about the innervation of the heart? (Select all that apply)
Which of these are true about the innervation of the heart? (Select all that apply)
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What does the left coronary artery branch into?
What does the left coronary artery branch into?
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What is the name of the vessel that supplies the posterior part of the left ventricle?
What is the name of the vessel that supplies the posterior part of the left ventricle?
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The right coronary artery emerges from the left side of the aorta.
The right coronary artery emerges from the left side of the aorta.
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What is the name of the branch of the right coronary artery that goes towards the apex of the heart?
What is the name of the branch of the right coronary artery that goes towards the apex of the heart?
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The heartbeat is a single sequence of ventricular contraction followed by atrial contraction.
The heartbeat is a single sequence of ventricular contraction followed by atrial contraction.
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What is the term for the contraction phase of a heart chamber?
What is the term for the contraction phase of a heart chamber?
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What is the term for the relaxation phase of a heart chamber?
What is the term for the relaxation phase of a heart chamber?
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Which of these statements about cardiac muscle tissue is incorrect?
Which of these statements about cardiac muscle tissue is incorrect?
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Cardiac myofibers are branching networks of cardiac muscle cells.
Cardiac myofibers are branching networks of cardiac muscle cells.
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Gap junctions allow ions to pass freely between cardiac muscle cells.
Gap junctions allow ions to pass freely between cardiac muscle cells.
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What is the name for the specialized cardiac muscle cells that carry impulses throughout the heart's musculature?
What is the name for the specialized cardiac muscle cells that carry impulses throughout the heart's musculature?
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The SA node sets the basic heart rate.
The SA node sets the basic heart rate.
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Study Notes
The Heart
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The heart is a muscular double pump with two functions:
- Right side: Receives deoxygenated blood from the body, pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation.
- Left side: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, pumps it to the body.
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Pulmonary Circuit: Blood vessels carrying blood to and from the lungs.
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Systemic Circuit: Blood vessels transporting blood to and from all body tissues.
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Heart Chambers: Two receiving chambers (atria) and two pumping chambers (ventricles).
- Right/left atrium: Receive blood returning from the circuits.
- Right/left ventricle: Pump blood around the circuits.
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Location in the Thorax:
- Posterior to the sternum and costal cartilages.
- Rests on the superior surface of the diaphragm.
- Largest organ in the mediastinum.
- Oblique position, with apex to the left.
Heart Structure
- Coverings:
- Pericardium: A triple-layered sac enclosing the heart.
- Fibrous pericardium (outer layer): Strong, dense connective tissue.
- Serous pericardium (inner layer): Adheres to the outer surface of the heart.
- Pericardium: A triple-layered sac enclosing the heart.
Heart Wall Layers
- Epicardium (outer layer): Often infiltrated with fat, especially in older people.
- Myocardium (middle layer): The bulk of the heart, made of cardiac muscle.
- Endocardium (inner layer): A simple squamous epithelium lining the heart chambers and valves.
Heart Chambers
- Four chambers: Right and left atria, right and left ventricles.
- Interatrial septum: Divides the atria.
- Interventricular septum: Separates the ventricles.
- Boundaries: Marked by coronary sulci (grooves) between atria and ventricles.
Heart Valves
- Atrioventricular (AV) valves: Control blood flow between atria and ventricles.
- Tricuspid valve: Between right atrium and right ventricle.
- Bicuspid/Mitral valve: Between left atrium and left ventricle.
- Pulmonary valve: Between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery.
- Aortic valve: Between the left ventricle and aorta.
Heart Valves (Structure and Function)
- Valves are reinforced by dense connective tissue.
- AV valves (tricuspid/mitral): Have 2 or 3 cusps anchored by chordae tendineae to papillary muscles.
- Semilunar valves (pulmonary/aortic): Have 3 cusps that close to prevent backflow.
Pathways of Blood Flow
- Deoxygenated blood from body enters the right atrium.
- Blood flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
- The right ventricle contracts, forcing blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery to the lungs.
- Oxygenated blood from lungs re-enters the left atrium through pulmonary veins.
- Blood flows through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.
- The left ventricle contracts, forcing blood through the aortic valve into the aorta and to the body.
Heartbeat
- Heartbeat: Single sequence of atrial contraction followed by ventricular contraction.
- Resting heart rate: 70-80 bpm.
- Systole: Contraction phase.
- Diastole: Relaxation phase.
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
- Cardiac muscle cells are short, branched, with one or two centrally located nuclei, and interconnected by intercalated discs.
- Intercalated discs provide a network for rapid transmission of signals through the heart.
- Muscle contractions occur through the sliding filament mechanism.
- Cardiac muscle contains branching networks of myofibers, which interact via intercalated discs.
Conducting System & Innervation
- Cardiac conduction system: Specialized cardiac muscle cells that conduct electrical impulses to coordinate heart contractions.
- SA node (pacemaker) initiates each heartbeat.
- Heart rate can be regulated by:
- Extrinsic neural controls (parasympathetic and sympathetic).
Blood Supply to the Heart
- Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.
- Left coronary artery (LCA): Divides into anterior interventricular and circumflex branches.
- Right coronary artery (RCA): Branches into marginal and posterior interventricular branches.
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Description
This quiz explores the anatomy and function of the heart, detailing its structure, the pulmonary and systemic circuits, and the heart's chambers. Test your knowledge on how the heart operates as a dual pump and its location within the thorax. Perfect for students studying human biology or anatomy.
