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Questions and Answers
The 'Hard Problem' of consciousness, as described by Chalmers, primarily challenges our ability to explain:
The 'Hard Problem' of consciousness, as described by Chalmers, primarily challenges our ability to explain:
- the neural correlates of consciousness using brain imaging techniques.
- why and how subjective experiences (qualia) arise from physical processes. (correct)
- how the brain processes sensory information.
- the different stages of sleep and their corresponding brainwave patterns.
Why is consciousness considered 'unobservable' in the context of the Hard Problem?
Why is consciousness considered 'unobservable' in the context of the Hard Problem?
- Because conscious experiences only occur during sleep and are inaccessible to waking study.
- Because brain activity related to consciousness cannot be measured using current neuroimaging technologies.
- Because subjective, personal experiences are not objectively measurable. (correct)
- Because the philosophical definition of consciousness is inherently abstract and immeasurable.
During which stage of sleep are sleep spindles and K-complexes most characteristic?
During which stage of sleep are sleep spindles and K-complexes most characteristic?
- Stage 3 NREM sleep
- Stage 2 NREM sleep (correct)
- Stage 1 NREM sleep
- REM sleep
Delta waves, which are slow brain waves with a frequency of 1-2 Hz, are predominantly observed during:
Delta waves, which are slow brain waves with a frequency of 1-2 Hz, are predominantly observed during:
Which of the following best describes brain activity during REM sleep?
Which of the following best describes brain activity during REM sleep?
REM atonia, a state of muscle paralysis, is a typical feature of REM sleep. What is the primary function of REM atonia?
REM atonia, a state of muscle paralysis, is a typical feature of REM sleep. What is the primary function of REM atonia?
How does the duration of REM sleep periods change throughout the night?
How does the duration of REM sleep periods change throughout the night?
Melatonin plays a significant role in regulating the circadian rhythm. What is the primary trigger for melatonin release?
Melatonin plays a significant role in regulating the circadian rhythm. What is the primary trigger for melatonin release?
Insomnia is characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a type of insomnia?
Insomnia is characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a type of insomnia?
Cataplexy, a symptom often associated with narcolepsy, is best described as:
Cataplexy, a symptom often associated with narcolepsy, is best described as:
Sleep apnea is primarily caused by:
Sleep apnea is primarily caused by:
Sleepwalking (somnambulism) typically occurs during which stage of sleep?
Sleepwalking (somnambulism) typically occurs during which stage of sleep?
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder is characterized by:
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder is characterized by:
Lucid dreaming and sleep paralysis provide insights into consciousness by demonstrating that:
Lucid dreaming and sleep paralysis provide insights into consciousness by demonstrating that:
The fact that we can recall dreams and be operantly conditioned during sleep suggests that:
The fact that we can recall dreams and be operantly conditioned during sleep suggests that:
Studies showing responses to significant stimuli like names or alarms during REM sleep suggest that:
Studies showing responses to significant stimuli like names or alarms during REM sleep suggest that:
FMRI studies showing greater brain activation in response to personal names during REM sleep imply that:
FMRI studies showing greater brain activation in response to personal names during REM sleep imply that:
The AIM model (Activation-Input-Modulation) proposes that sleep and dreams reflect:
The AIM model (Activation-Input-Modulation) proposes that sleep and dreams reflect:
Which of the following treatments is generally recommended for insomnia?
Which of the following treatments is generally recommended for insomnia?
Diagnosis of narcolepsy often involves which of the following procedures?
Diagnosis of narcolepsy often involves which of the following procedures?
Flashcards
Hard Problem of Consciousness
Hard Problem of Consciousness
Explaining why and how we have subjective experiences (qualia).
Consciousness Measurement
Consciousness Measurement
Brain activity correlated with self-reports of consciousness, but not explained.
Dynamic Consciousness
Dynamic Consciousness
Continuously shifting awareness of thoughts, feelings, sensations, and environment.
Sleep and Dreaming Study
Sleep and Dreaming Study
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Sleep Cycle
Sleep Cycle
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NREM 1
NREM 1
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NREM 2
NREM 2
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NREM 3
NREM 3
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REM Sleep
REM Sleep
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Circadian Rhythm
Circadian Rhythm
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Insomnia
Insomnia
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Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy
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Sleep Apnea
Sleep Apnea
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Sleepwalking (Somnambulism)
Sleepwalking (Somnambulism)
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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
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Lucid Dreaming and Sleep Paralysis
Lucid Dreaming and Sleep Paralysis
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Consciousness During Sleep
Consciousness During Sleep
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Stimuli Response in REM
Stimuli Response in REM
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Personal Names in REM
Personal Names in REM
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AIM Model
AIM Model
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Study Notes
The Hard Problem of Consciousness
- The Hard Problem, coined by Chalmers in 1995, is about understanding why and how subjective experiences (qualia) exist.
- It's difficult because consciousness is unobservable, meaning personal experience can't be objectively measured.
- Brain activity (fMRI, EEG) can be correlated with self-reports, but this doesn't explain the alignment of brain activity with consciousness.
- Consciousness is dynamic, shifting alongside awareness of thoughts, feelings, sensations, and the environment.
- Sleep and dreaming offer a way to study consciousness, as observable physiological changes coincide with shifts in conscious awareness.
Basic Biological Properties of Sleep
- Sleep involves repeating about 90-minute cycles through different stages.
Non-REM (NREM) Sleep
- Stage 1 (NREM 1) is light sleep lasting 5-10 minutes, featuring theta waves, muscle jerks, and hypnagogic imagery.
- Stage 2 (NREM 2) has slower brain waves, sleep spindles, K-complexes, and decreases in body temperature and heart rate, making up about 65% of sleep.
- Stage 3 (NREM 3) is deep sleep with delta waves (1-2 Hz) and is critical for feeling rested.
REM Sleep
- REM stands for Rapid Eye Movement; brain activity resembles wakefulness (high-frequency waves).
- It's associated with dreaming, body paralysis (REM atonia), and increased heart rate and breathing.
- REM occurs around 5-6 times a night, with REM periods becoming longer as the night progresses.
Circadian Rhythm
- The circadian rhythm is an internal ~24-hour cycle that regulates sleep-wake patterns, body temperature, and hormone release.
- It is triggered by melatonin levels, which increase in darkness.
Basic Disorders of Sleep and Arousal
Insomnia
- Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder, affecting approximately 14.8% of Australians chronically.
- It involves difficulty falling or staying asleep, and types include: short-term, long-term/persistent, idiopathic (since childhood), and primary (not due to other conditions).
- Treatments include medication, CBT, and sleep hygiene.
Narcolepsy
- Narcolepsy involves sudden, uncontrollable sleep episodes.
- It is often triggered by emotions like laughter, leading to cataplexy (muscle paralysis).
- Diagnosis is via MSLT and genetic tests.
Sleep Apnoea
- Sleep Apnoea is when airway blockage causes snoring, choking, gasping, and frequent night awakenings.
- It can lead to cognitive impairment, fatigue, and cardiovascular issues.
- Treatments include CPAP machines, surgery, or dental devices.
Sleepwalking (Somnambulism)
- Sleepwalking occurs during deep NREM (Stage 3) sleep, not dreams.
- The person may appear awake but won’t remember the episode.
- It is safe to wake sleepwalkers.
REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder
- In REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder, the loss of muscle atonia in REM sleep causes people to physically act out dreams.
- It requires differentiation from nocturnal seizures or sleep terrors.
How Sleep and Dreaming Studies Provide Insights into Consciousness
- Lucid dreaming and sleep paralysis indicate waking and sleeping consciousness can overlap.
- Dream recall and operant/classical conditioning during sleep suggest we aren’t entirely unconscious.
- Studies show response to significant stimuli (names, alarms) even in REM, suggesting pre-attentive processing continues.
- fMRI studies show greater brain activation in response to personal names during REM, implying some selective attention persists.
- The AIM model (an update to the Activation-Synthesis Model) posits that sleep and dreams reflect varying brain activation, inputs, and modulations, offering a framework for understanding different states of consciousness.
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