The Greeks at War, Alexander, and The Roman Republic

• The study notes cover The Greeks at War, Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Empires, and The Roman Republic

The Greeks at War

• The Aegean Sea is surrounded by Greek "poleis" (city-states) which maintain a busy trade
• These city-states often waged war with each other
• Sometimes, the "poleis" collaborate against non-Greek enemies
• Around 550 BC, the city-states on the coasts of Asia Minor were threatened by the powerful Persian Empire

The Persians Arrive!

• Around the 6th century BC, the Indo-European Persians controlled an empire stretching from the Indus to the Aegean Sea
• The Persian king was an supreme autocrat
• The Persians subjected Greek "poleis" along the coasts of Asia Minor
• Around 498 BC, a revolt broke out there where Greeks from the mainland, mainly Athens, sent an army to help
• Darius, the Persian king, suppressed the revolt with great difficulty
• Darius wanted to conquer all of Hellas and take revenge for the Athenian help during the revolt, hoping to gain control over trade in the Aegean and Black Seas

Persians contra Hellenes

• The Persian Empire extended from the Indus to the Aegean Sea, and even Egypt
• Hellas consisted of Greece itself, the coasts of Asia Minor, and islands
• The political system in the Persian empire was a king who was an autocrat
• Hellas consisted of independent "poleis"
• The Persian empire was culturally diverse consisting of many peoples and cultures
• Hellas had one culture

Timeline of Persian Wars and Outcomes

• 490 BC: Athens won against the Persians at Marathon
• 480 BC: Sparta loses against the Persians in Thermopylae
• Athens won against the Persians in the naval battle at Salamis
• 479 BC: Sparta and Athens won against the Persians in Plataeae/Mycale
• 449 BC: Persia recognizes independence of Greek "poleis" in Asia Minor

The Weaponry

• A Persian warrior wore a fabric tunic, soft hat, spear or lance, dagger and leather shield
• A hoplite wore a bronze helmet, harness, shin guards, spear or lance and metal shield
• The Greek weaponry offered the best protection

Formation

• Greek soldiers attacked in "phalanx" formation
• Javelins are difficult to use this way

Peloponnesian and Delian Leagues

• Due to fear of new Persian attacks, about 200 Greek city-states formed an alliance: the Delian League, led by Athens
• The allies paid tributes to Athens to further expand a fleet, allowing Athens to quickly become a strong sea power that dominated its allies
• Sparta gathered its allies in the Peloponnesian League
• Athens starts to feel supreme and aspires to leadership over all of Hellas

Map of Greece After 470 BC

• The Delian League is shown with allies of Athens
• Sparta and the Peloponnesian League shown with allies of Sparta
• Some areas were Neutral

Athens Misuses Power

• Allies authorize Athens to rule the alliance, collecting a tax to fight the barbarians and destroy/avenge Persian territory
• Appraised tax totaled 465 talents, kept on Delos island. Athens used these funds to make itself stronger with weapons and a fleet
• Pericles used the funds to embellish his city.
• Athens demanded the allies have a democratic government
• Athens only allowed trading ships from league partners in its harbors.

The Peloponnesian Wars

• Athens, leader of the Delian League, coveted leadership over all of Hellas
• Sparta, leader of the Peloponnesian League, feared losing influence
• The Spartan nobility disliked Athens spreading its democratic system, so tension increased and conflict became inevitable
• Athens and Sparta stood against one other, vying for dominion over Greece

Reasons for Wars

• Sparta and Athens were very different Delian League vs Peloponnesian League
• Athens is maritime and spreads democracy
• Sparta is continental and an oligarchy

Beginning Conflicts

• Corinth, an ally of Sparta is a major trading rival of Athens
• Corinth has a colony in Corcyra, which sought help with Athens
• Seeing a chance to lessen the influence of Corinth, Athens agreed to support Corcyra
• Sparta came to help Corinth and war broke out between Athens and Sparta

Peloponnesian War Episodes

• First, Athens prepared by fortifying and connecting to Piraeus, protected by a navy and Atticas population retreated to safety
• Sparta attacked and ravaged Attica, but people remained safe behind walls
• The Athenian fleet attacked coasts of the Peloponnese
• Athens was overpopulated and plague broke out
• Pericles died
• Sparta gets money from Persia to expand Naval Fleet, and Athenian food to be cut off, and they send their fleet to Syracuse in Sicily without knowing the Sparta had also a naval fleet
• In 413 BC, the Spartan fleet defeated the Athenian fleet near the Dardanelles
• By 404 BC, Athens had given itself, starving, to Sparta, forced to give up fleet, the colonies, and dismantle the long walls

Athens

• Sought control over trade in the Aegean and Black Seas
• The "casus belli" occurred when Hellas supported the revolt of the Greek "poleis" along the coasts of Asia Minor against Persia

Map of Known Locations Used

• To complete legend indicate location, the Black Sea and Dardanelles in needed, as well as Syracuse
• This map also shows the Persian empire

With Whose Help Does Sparta Get The Victory?

• Persians; to potentially conquer later
• Sparta's betrayal proves dubious

Interesting Facts from Wartime

• Upon the victory of Athens in Marathon, a soldier was assigned to report that victory in Athens
• It took "awhile" for him to arrive, because the two places were about 42 km apart
• When he arrived, could he barely shout, "Greetings, we are happy!" before he collapsed and died
• But it lies in any case, at the base of the famous running race: the marathon

What the Student Must Know and Possible Knowledge

• Know how the maritime and continental influence each other, that there are two causes of the Persian wars

1. the Persian empire and Hellas compared
2. the winner of the Persian wars
3. the characteristics of the Peloponnesian League and the Delian League give
4. two pieces of evidence for the abuse of power of Athens give
5. two causes of the Peloponnesian wars give and the occasion of
6. Peloponnesian wars give 10 two pieces of evidence for the Spartan
7. The student must be able to derive information from a text and display it on a map

How to complete the legend on the map:

• black Sea = 5
• the Dardanelles = 6
• Athens = 1
• Syracuse (Sicily) = 4
• Sparto = 2
• the peloponnesus = 2

Overview From the Chapter

• In a summary table, we can outline:

1. The Persans are coming and
2. Athens gets power from the persian wars
3. The peloponnese war
4. The pelopennesian league and the delische league

Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Empires

• The chapter contains information over:

1. Fillipos II of Macedonia unifies the divided Greece
2. Alexander the great conquers the world
3. the hellenic politics of alexander
4. The information on whether they can Know-to Explain, be Able to give Example from what they read

Fillipos II Was From Macedonian

• Macedonia is the only one that had to be concurred to achieve complete control. The students need to learn the difference between the two.

The Hellinistic Alliance

• The helanic allance was made for the members of macedonia and greece
• It is the job of the students to find where Alexander Went, how things went, and if it helped

List Of Items That are used in this part of the document

• The List includes:

1. Alexander had many problems when trying to do some of the things on the chart
2. Alexander was not able to bring the land of Alexander

The Goal Of The Lessons In This Document

• Is to find the "Main Reasons", and to ask"How Does All Happen?"

Alexander of Mace

• Macedon was Kingdom to The North of Greece And The Greek

What Would The Map Indicate?

• The Map Would Indicate Where The Hellinistic Land was and what type of battles that they had

What was The Character of Alexander in just two words?

• Courageuse and eager to learn

What do you mean for"Hellinistic Alliance?

• Mean's What Alexander Goal is for the Allence With The New Land That Alexander Going to Be In Charge

Name Alliances You Find the Map?

• Deliche Zevbond, PeloPonnesische Bon

Overview From the Chapter

In a summary table, we can outline:

1. Philip Ii of Macedonia and
2. Alexander The Great's rise to fame + alliances

The Roman Republic

Where Did The Myth of Rome Start?

• The Myth of Rome Started Because of the The Story Where the 2 Sun's Where Take In

What Was One of The Roman Problems?

• Was That They Could not take Control of other lands

What Does The Document Discuss

• Talks About Who was the head, and what that leader did.

Review and History

• Around approximately 1000 AC

How Did The Roma Empire Start?

• Roma empire, when they decide to fight, to become the next big allince

The Main Points

• In a summary table, we can outline:
  1. How the roma rise to power
  2. Main power figures. 3: Problems on there side 4"The people".