Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was the main way Napoleon's rule was viewed throughout Europe?
What was the main way Napoleon's rule was viewed throughout Europe?
Which of the following was NOT a consequence of the French Revolution?
Which of the following was NOT a consequence of the French Revolution?
What is the significance of the events of 1789?
What is the significance of the events of 1789?
What was a key factor in Napoleon's success in conquering Europe?
What was a key factor in Napoleon's success in conquering Europe?
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What was the impact of the French Revolution on Raja Rammohan Roy?
What was the impact of the French Revolution on Raja Rammohan Roy?
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How did the French Revolution influence the rise of nationalism in colonized countries?
How did the French Revolution influence the rise of nationalism in colonized countries?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of Napoleon's modernizing reforms?
Which of the following is NOT an example of Napoleon's modernizing reforms?
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What was the date of Napoleon's final defeat at Waterloo?
What was the date of Napoleon's final defeat at Waterloo?
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What event on 14 July 1789 marked a significant uprising in Paris?
What event on 14 July 1789 marked a significant uprising in Paris?
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Why did the citizens of Paris attack the Bastille?
Why did the citizens of Paris attack the Bastille?
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How did King Louis XVI's financial troubles begin?
How did King Louis XVI's financial troubles begin?
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What was a common complaint among the people that fueled riots during the revolution?
What was a common complaint among the people that fueled riots during the revolution?
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What was one of the significant consequences of the financial crisis in France?
What was one of the significant consequences of the financial crisis in France?
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What was the popular perception of the Bastille at the time of its storming?
What was the popular perception of the Bastille at the time of its storming?
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What was one of the outcomes historians associate with the storming of the Bastille?
What was one of the outcomes historians associate with the storming of the Bastille?
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What major war financially burdened France prior to the French Revolution?
What major war financially burdened France prior to the French Revolution?
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What was the purpose of the Estates General in France during the Old Regime?
What was the purpose of the Estates General in France during the Old Regime?
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Who primarily represented the third estate in the Estates General assembly?
Who primarily represented the third estate in the Estates General assembly?
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What principle did the members of the third estate advocate for regarding voting?
What principle did the members of the third estate advocate for regarding voting?
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What significant action did the third estate take after their proposal was rejected?
What significant action did the third estate take after their proposal was rejected?
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What was the primary objective of the National Assembly when drafting the constitution in 1791?
What was the primary objective of the National Assembly when drafting the constitution in 1791?
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Which group had the right to vote under the Constitution of 1791?
Which group had the right to vote under the Constitution of 1791?
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The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen guaranteed which of the following rights?
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen guaranteed which of the following rights?
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What led to the storming of the Bastille on July 14?
What led to the storming of the Bastille on July 14?
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Which document established that France would now operate as a constitutional monarchy?
Which document established that France would now operate as a constitutional monarchy?
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Who were the main leaders of the National Assembly?
Who were the main leaders of the National Assembly?
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What did the assembly pass on the night of August 4, 1789?
What did the assembly pass on the night of August 4, 1789?
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Which influential pamphlet questioned the status of the third estate?
Which influential pamphlet questioned the status of the third estate?
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What was one effect of the rising prices of bread during the turmoil in France?
What was one effect of the rising prices of bread during the turmoil in France?
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What did Jean-Paul Marat believe about the representation of the people?
What did Jean-Paul Marat believe about the representation of the people?
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What does the broken chain symbolize?
What does the broken chain symbolize?
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Which group of people primarily formed the Jacobin club?
Which group of people primarily formed the Jacobin club?
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What event marked the abolition of the monarchy in France?
What event marked the abolition of the monarchy in France?
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Who was known for leading the Jacobins during the Revolution?
Who was known for leading the Jacobins during the Revolution?
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What was the significance of the red Phrygian cap?
What was the significance of the red Phrygian cap?
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Which anthem became known as the national anthem of France?
Which anthem became known as the national anthem of France?
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What does the 'bundle of rods or fasces' symbolize?
What does the 'bundle of rods or fasces' symbolize?
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During the Reign of Terror, what was a key aspect of Robespierre's leadership?
During the Reign of Terror, what was a key aspect of Robespierre's leadership?
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Which color is NOT part of France's national colors?
Which color is NOT part of France's national colors?
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How were citizens supposed to participate in forming laws?
How were citizens supposed to participate in forming laws?
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What triggered the insurrection planned by the Jacobins in August 1792?
What triggered the insurrection planned by the Jacobins in August 1792?
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What right does property represent according to the principles discussed?
What right does property represent according to the principles discussed?
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Which term best describes the government established after the monarchy was abolished?
Which term best describes the government established after the monarchy was abolished?
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What does the all-seeing eye within a triangle represent?
What does the all-seeing eye within a triangle represent?
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What does the law ensure regarding citizens?
What does the law ensure regarding citizens?
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What percentage of the population in France belonged to the third estate?
What percentage of the population in France belonged to the third estate?
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Which group was exempt from paying taxes in the Old Regime?
Which group was exempt from paying taxes in the Old Regime?
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What was the primary cause of the subsistence crisis during the Old Regime?
What was the primary cause of the subsistence crisis during the Old Regime?
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Which philosopher proposed ideas about a government based on a social contract?
Which philosopher proposed ideas about a government based on a social contract?
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Which group in the third estate significantly contributed to the economic changes during the eighteenth century?
Which group in the third estate significantly contributed to the economic changes during the eighteenth century?
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What type of tax was solely paid by the third estate?
What type of tax was solely paid by the third estate?
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What issue led to the widening gap between the rich and the poor in eighteenth-century France?
What issue led to the widening gap between the rich and the poor in eighteenth-century France?
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What role did the Church play in the economic system of the Old Regime?
What role did the Church play in the economic system of the Old Regime?
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How did the American Constitution influence French political thinkers?
How did the American Constitution influence French political thinkers?
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What was one consequence of Louis XVI intending to impose further taxes?
What was one consequence of Louis XVI intending to impose further taxes?
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Which of the following was a unique privilege of the nobility?
Which of the following was a unique privilege of the nobility?
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What industry contributed to the wealth of the emerging middle class during the eighteenth century?
What industry contributed to the wealth of the emerging middle class during the eighteenth century?
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Who wrote about the importance of separating powers in government?
Who wrote about the importance of separating powers in government?
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The education received by Georges Danton is an example of what aspect of the Old Regime?
The education received by Georges Danton is an example of what aspect of the Old Regime?
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What year did women in France finally win the right to vote?
What year did women in France finally win the right to vote?
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Who wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen in 1791?
Who wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen in 1791?
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What did Olympe de Gouges criticize in 1793?
What did Olympe de Gouges criticize in 1793?
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Which of the following was a significant social reform of the Jacobin regime?
Which of the following was a significant social reform of the Jacobin regime?
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What was a reason given for the closure of women’s clubs by Chaumette?
What was a reason given for the closure of women’s clubs by Chaumette?
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In what year did the National Assembly begin debates on the rights of all French subjects, including those in colonies?
In what year did the National Assembly begin debates on the rights of all French subjects, including those in colonies?
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What was one impact of the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?
What was one impact of the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?
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What were the colonies in the Caribbean primarily supplying during the 18th century?
What were the colonies in the Caribbean primarily supplying during the 18th century?
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When was slavery in French colonies finally abolished?
When was slavery in French colonies finally abolished?
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What was one way people engaged with ideas of liberty after the Revolution?
What was one way people engaged with ideas of liberty after the Revolution?
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Who reintroduced slavery after it was briefly abolished in 1794?
Who reintroduced slavery after it was briefly abolished in 1794?
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What year did Napoleon Bonaparte crown himself Emperor of France?
What year did Napoleon Bonaparte crown himself Emperor of France?
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What was a central theme in Olympe de Gouges’ Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen?
What was a central theme in Olympe de Gouges’ Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen?
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What did the abolition of censorship in France allow?
What did the abolition of censorship in France allow?
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What was the fate of those found guilty by the revolutionary tribunal?
What was the fate of those found guilty by the revolutionary tribunal?
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What did Robespierre’s government implement regarding wages and prices?
What did Robespierre’s government implement regarding wages and prices?
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How were citizens addressed to promote equality during Robespierre's time?
How were citizens addressed to promote equality during Robespierre's time?
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What happened to churches during Robespierre's government?
What happened to churches during Robespierre's government?
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What was the goal of the newly introduced Directory in France?
What was the goal of the newly introduced Directory in France?
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How many members were in the Directory's executive?
How many members were in the Directory's executive?
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What was one major demand of women's clubs during the revolution?
What was one major demand of women's clubs during the revolution?
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What did Camille Desmoulins equate liberty to in his writings?
What did Camille Desmoulins equate liberty to in his writings?
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What was the outcome for many women during the Reign of Terror?
What was the outcome for many women during the Reign of Terror?
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What was the Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women known for?
What was the Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women known for?
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What was the government's stance on women's rights after the Constitution of 1791?
What was the government's stance on women's rights after the Constitution of 1791?
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Which of the following freedoms was actively suppressed during the Reign of Terror?
Which of the following freedoms was actively suppressed during the Reign of Terror?
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What was the primary concern of Robespierre when addressing terror?
What was the primary concern of Robespierre when addressing terror?
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What change was introduced regarding marriage during the revolution?
What change was introduced regarding marriage during the revolution?
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Which movement is known to have inspired political changes in France and Europe after the revolution?
Which movement is known to have inspired political changes in France and Europe after the revolution?
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What was the primary goal of the National Assembly when drafting the Constitution of 1791?
What was the primary goal of the National Assembly when drafting the Constitution of 1791?
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How did the voting procedures in the Estates General change during the French Revolution?
How did the voting procedures in the Estates General change during the French Revolution?
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What was the primary reason for the rise in bread prices in France during the late 18th century?
What was the primary reason for the rise in bread prices in France during the late 18th century?
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Which right was NOT included in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?
Which right was NOT included in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?
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Which of the following groups was NOT part of the third estate in France?
Which of the following groups was NOT part of the third estate in France?
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Why did the third estate walk out of the Estates General assembly?
Why did the third estate walk out of the Estates General assembly?
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What caused the peasants to rebel against the lords of the manor in the countryside?
What caused the peasants to rebel against the lords of the manor in the countryside?
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What is the main reason why the middle class in France sought an end to privileges enjoyed by the clergy and nobility?
What is the main reason why the middle class in France sought an end to privileges enjoyed by the clergy and nobility?
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How did the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers like Locke and Rousseau influence the French middle class?
How did the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers like Locke and Rousseau influence the French middle class?
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Which of the following BEST describes the relationship between the peasants and nobles in the Old Regime?
Which of the following BEST describes the relationship between the peasants and nobles in the Old Regime?
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Why did the Jacobins wear long striped trousers?
Why did the Jacobins wear long striped trousers?
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What was a key element of the Reign of Terror under Robespierre?
What was a key element of the Reign of Terror under Robespierre?
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What triggered the insurrection planned by the Jacobins in the summer of 1792?
What triggered the insurrection planned by the Jacobins in the summer of 1792?
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What does the 'bundle of rods or fasces' symbolize in the painting by Le Barbier?
What does the 'bundle of rods or fasces' symbolize in the painting by Le Barbier?
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What does the 'eye within a triangle radiating light' symbolize in the painting by Le Barbier?
What does the 'eye within a triangle radiating light' symbolize in the painting by Le Barbier?
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Which of these rights was NOT explicitly mentioned in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?
Which of these rights was NOT explicitly mentioned in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?
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What event marked the shift from a monarchy to a republic in France?
What event marked the shift from a monarchy to a republic in France?
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What were the sans-culottes?
What were the sans-culottes?
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What was a major consequence of the revolutionary wars for the French people?
What was a major consequence of the revolutionary wars for the French people?
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What does the 'red Phrygian cap' symbolize?
What does the 'red Phrygian cap' symbolize?
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What was the main reason for the increasing financial burden on the French government in the late 18th century?
What was the main reason for the increasing financial burden on the French government in the late 18th century?
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What was the immediate trigger for the storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789?
What was the immediate trigger for the storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789?
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What was a key consequence of the financial crisis in France during the late 18th century?
What was a key consequence of the financial crisis in France during the late 18th century?
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What did the storming of the Bastille symbolize for the people of France?
What did the storming of the Bastille symbolize for the people of France?
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What major factor contributed to the financial crisis in France under Louis XVI, leading to an increased reliance on loans and higher interest rates?
What major factor contributed to the financial crisis in France under Louis XVI, leading to an increased reliance on loans and higher interest rates?
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Despite the Bastille only holding seven prisoners at the time of the storming, what was the primary reason for its symbolic significance and the public's passionate hatred towards it?
Despite the Bastille only holding seven prisoners at the time of the storming, what was the primary reason for its symbolic significance and the public's passionate hatred towards it?
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What was the primary motivation behind the French government's decision to increase taxes, despite already facing a financial crisis?
What was the primary motivation behind the French government's decision to increase taxes, despite already facing a financial crisis?
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What was NOT a direct consequence of the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789?
What was NOT a direct consequence of the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789?
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How did the American Revolution contribute to the ongoing financial crisis in France, further exacerbating the situation leading to the French Revolution?
How did the American Revolution contribute to the ongoing financial crisis in France, further exacerbating the situation leading to the French Revolution?
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What was a major difference between voting in the Estates General before and during the French Revolution?
What was a major difference between voting in the Estates General before and during the French Revolution?
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Which of the following correctly describes the role of the Estates General in the French political system before the Revolution?
Which of the following correctly describes the role of the Estates General in the French political system before the Revolution?
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What was a significant consequence of the mobilization of troops into Paris by King Louis XVI?
What was a significant consequence of the mobilization of troops into Paris by King Louis XVI?
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According to the excerpt from Jean-Paul Marat's newspaper, what was his main criticism of the Constitution of 1791?
According to the excerpt from Jean-Paul Marat's newspaper, what was his main criticism of the Constitution of 1791?
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Which of the following BEST describes the significance of the National Assembly's declaration that they would not disperse until a constitution was drafted?
Which of the following BEST describes the significance of the National Assembly's declaration that they would not disperse until a constitution was drafted?
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What were the main factors that contributed to the widening gap between the rich and the poor in France during the Old Regime?
What were the main factors that contributed to the widening gap between the rich and the poor in France during the Old Regime?
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How did the political and philosophical ideas of the Enlightenment contribute to the dissatisfaction with the Old Regime in France?
How did the political and philosophical ideas of the Enlightenment contribute to the dissatisfaction with the Old Regime in France?
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Georges Danton's letter to a friend is a valuable source for understanding what aspect of French society during the Old Regime?
Georges Danton's letter to a friend is a valuable source for understanding what aspect of French society during the Old Regime?
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What did Arthur Young's observations about slave labor suggest about the social attitudes during the Old Regime?
What did Arthur Young's observations about slave labor suggest about the social attitudes during the Old Regime?
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Based on the information presented about the Old Regime, how could King Louis XVI have potentially addressed the financial crisis without triggering the Revolution?
Based on the information presented about the Old Regime, how could King Louis XVI have potentially addressed the financial crisis without triggering the Revolution?
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During the Reign of Terror, which of the following principles was NOT associated with Robespierre's leadership?
During the Reign of Terror, which of the following principles was NOT associated with Robespierre's leadership?
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Which of the following most accurately reflects the symbolism of the "bundle of rods or fasces" as depicted in Le Barbier's painting?
Which of the following most accurately reflects the symbolism of the "bundle of rods or fasces" as depicted in Le Barbier's painting?
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Which of the following events DOES NOT directly demonstrate the growing influence of the Jacobins during the French Revolution?
Which of the following events DOES NOT directly demonstrate the growing influence of the Jacobins during the French Revolution?
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The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, emphasized the principle of "Liberty consists of the power to do whatever is not injurious to others." Which of the following situations BEST exemplifies this principle in the context of the French Revolution?
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, emphasized the principle of "Liberty consists of the power to do whatever is not injurious to others." Which of the following situations BEST exemplifies this principle in the context of the French Revolution?
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Which of the following BEST explains the shift from a constitutional monarchy to a republic in France, according to the provided text?
Which of the following BEST explains the shift from a constitutional monarchy to a republic in France, according to the provided text?
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What is the significance of the 'winged woman' as a symbol in Le Barbier's painting of the Declaration of Rights?
What is the significance of the 'winged woman' as a symbol in Le Barbier's painting of the Declaration of Rights?
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Which of the following arguments was LEAST likely to be used by the Jacobins to justify their call for a republic?
Which of the following arguments was LEAST likely to be used by the Jacobins to justify their call for a republic?
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Which of the following is NOT a reason why the Marseillaise became a symbol of the French Revolution?
Which of the following is NOT a reason why the Marseillaise became a symbol of the French Revolution?
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The text mentions that the members of the Jacobin club included "small shopkeepers, artisans such as shoemakers, pastry cooks, watch-makers, printers, as well as servants and daily-wage workers." What does this indicate about the socio-economic composition of the Jacobin movement?
The text mentions that the members of the Jacobin club included "small shopkeepers, artisans such as shoemakers, pastry cooks, watch-makers, printers, as well as servants and daily-wage workers." What does this indicate about the socio-economic composition of the Jacobin movement?
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According to the provided text, which of the following is a key distinction between the Jacobins and the sans-culottes during the French Revolution?
According to the provided text, which of the following is a key distinction between the Jacobins and the sans-culottes during the French Revolution?
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Flashcards
Storming of the Bastille
Storming of the Bastille
A pivotal event on 14 July 1789 where citizens attacked the Bastille prison in search of arms.
Louis XVI
Louis XVI
The king of France who ruled from 1774 until his execution during the French Revolution.
Marie Antoinette
Marie Antoinette
The Austrian princess who married Louis XVI and became the queen of France.
Financial crisis
Financial crisis
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American Revolution
American Revolution
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Tax increase
Tax increase
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Despotism
Despotism
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Peoples’ militia
Peoples’ militia
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Robespierre's Arrest
Robespierre's Arrest
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Guillotine
Guillotine
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Equality Bread
Equality Bread
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Citoyen and Citoyenne
Citoyen and Citoyenne
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Directory
Directory
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Terror as Justice
Terror as Justice
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Women's Clubs
Women's Clubs
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Reign of Terror
Reign of Terror
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Political Rights for Women
Political Rights for Women
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Society of Revolutionary Women
Society of Revolutionary Women
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Education for Women
Education for Women
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Civil Marriage
Civil Marriage
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Closure of Women's Clubs
Closure of Women's Clubs
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Napoleon Bonaparte's Rise
Napoleon Bonaparte's Rise
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Discontent among Supporters
Discontent among Supporters
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International suffrage movement
International suffrage movement
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Olympe de Gouges
Olympe de Gouges
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Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen
Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen
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Rights of Woman
Rights of Woman
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Jacobin government
Jacobin government
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Closure of women’s clubs
Closure of women’s clubs
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Abolition of slavery
Abolition of slavery
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Triangle slave trade
Triangle slave trade
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Economic prosperity from slavery
Economic prosperity from slavery
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Napoleon's reintroduction of slavery
Napoleon's reintroduction of slavery
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Freedom of speech and expression
Freedom of speech and expression
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Cultural changes post-revolution
Cultural changes post-revolution
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Publication flood after 1789
Publication flood after 1789
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Public participation in new laws
Public participation in new laws
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Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte
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Napoleon's Reforms
Napoleon's Reforms
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Initial Perception of Napoleon
Initial Perception of Napoleon
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Napoleon's Defeat
Napoleon's Defeat
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Legacy of the French Revolution
Legacy of the French Revolution
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Feudal System Abolishment
Feudal System Abolishment
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Impact on Colonised Peoples
Impact on Colonised Peoples
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Raja Rammohan Roy
Raja Rammohan Roy
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July Revolution
July Revolution
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Sovereignty
Sovereignty
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Liberty
Liberty
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Law
Law
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Rights of the Accused
Rights of the Accused
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Freedom of Expression
Freedom of Expression
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Taxation
Taxation
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Property Rights
Property Rights
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Political Symbols
Political Symbols
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Sans-Culottes
Sans-Culottes
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Marseillaise
Marseillaise
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Convention
Convention
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Execution of Louis XVI
Execution of Louis XVI
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Public Necessity
Public Necessity
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Jacobins
Jacobins
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Three Estates
Three Estates
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Old Regime
Old Regime
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Third Estate
Third Estate
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Exemption from Taxes
Exemption from Taxes
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Feudal Privileges
Feudal Privileges
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Subsistence Crisis
Subsistence Crisis
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Middle Class
Middle Class
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Social Contract
Social Contract
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American Constitution
American Constitution
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Philosophers of Enlightenment
Philosophers of Enlightenment
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Tithes
Tithes
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Louis XVI's Tax Increase
Louis XVI's Tax Increase
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Role of Salons
Role of Salons
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Raille
Raille
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Population Growth
Population Growth
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Estates General
Estates General
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Louis XVI's Assembly of 1789
Louis XVI's Assembly of 1789
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Voting Demand
Voting Demand
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National Assembly
National Assembly
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Tennis Court Oath
Tennis Court Oath
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Abolition of Feudalism
Abolition of Feudalism
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Constitution of 1791
Constitution of 1791
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Active Citizens
Active Citizens
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Declaration of Rights
Declaration of Rights
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Jean-Paul Marat
Jean-Paul Marat
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Rousseau's Influence
Rousseau's Influence
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Economic Turmoil Causes
Economic Turmoil Causes
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Bastille Storming
Bastille Storming
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Event of 14 July 1789
Event of 14 July 1789
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Louis XVI's financial strain
Louis XVI's financial strain
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Rising bread prices
Rising bread prices
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Storming the Bastille symbolism
Storming the Bastille symbolism
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Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
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General Will
General Will
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Sovereignty of the Nation
Sovereignty of the Nation
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Freedom of Speech
Freedom of Speech
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Jacobin Club
Jacobin Club
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Right to Participate
Right to Participate
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Abolition of Monarchy
Abolition of Monarchy
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Voting Demand of Third Estate
Voting Demand of Third Estate
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Equal Taxation
Equal Taxation
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Public Force Maintenance
Public Force Maintenance
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Law and Liberty
Law and Liberty
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Importance of Symbols
Importance of Symbols
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Study Notes
The French Revolution: A Summary
- 1789: Parisian unrest escalated over bread prices and perceived royal tyranny. A mob stormed the Bastille, a hated symbol of royal authority, marking the start of significant change. On July 14, 1789, the Bastille was stormed by a Parisian mob seeking arms and ammunition. King's troops moved to the city, sparking fears of attack. 7,000 men and women formed a militia, seizing weapons. A mob stormed the Bastille, killing the commander and releasing prisoners; the fortress was later demolished. Subsequent unrest occurred in Paris and throughout the countryside, primarily due to high bread prices.
French Society in the Late 18th Century
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Financial Crisis: France was deeply in debt due to costly wars, an extravagant court, and aiding the American Revolution. The rising cost of government led to increased taxes. Debt worsened from war expenses and supporting the American colonies; lenders charged high interest. France's debt rose to over 2 billion livres.
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Estates System: French society was divided into three estates: clergy, nobility, and the commoners (third estate). The clergy and nobility were exempt from taxes, placing a heavy burden on the third estate. This unfair system, rooted in the feudal system, was criticized. Peasants (90% of the population) owned little land. Nobles, the Church, and wealthier members of the third estate controlled much of the land.
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Peasant Condition: Peasants made up 90% of the population but many owned little or no land. They faced heavy taxation, feudal dues, and demands for labor. Poor harvests worsened conditions, leading to widespread hardship. The population rose from 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789, outpacing food production. Rising bread prices, with wages lagging behind, led to poverty and subsistence crises.
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Subsistence Crisis: Rising bread prices, coupled with poor harvests, created widespread hardship for the common people. Rumors spread of armies attacking crops, which further heightened peasant unrest. This significantly contributed to the revolutionary fervor. Food shortages and increasing prices created widespread hunger and suffering.
Emergence of a Middle Class
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Economic Growth: A rising middle class (merchants, manufacturers, professionals) gained wealth, but felt burdened by the rigid social hierarchy and the exclusion from power. They sought greater say in politics and challenged the privileges of the aristocracy. This class was educated and believed in meritocracy.
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Enlightenment Ideas: Philosophers like Locke, Rousseau, and Montesquieu's ideas about natural rights, individual liberty, and separation of powers inspired the revolutionary spirit. These ideas were discussed widely in salons and coffee houses. Locke challenged the divine right of kings, Rousseau proposed a social contract, and Montesquieu advocated separation of powers, and were influential in France.
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Discontent: Growing knowledge of these ideas, coupled with the economic hardship of the time, fueled the desire for social and political reform. The growing gap between wealth and hardships strengthened desires for change. Many, like Georges Danton, felt excluded from career opportunities due to their social standing and lack of aristocratic patronage.
The Outbreak of the Revolution
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Estates General: Louis XVI called the Estates General to address the financial crisis, where the third estate, seeking greater representation, formed the National Assembly. The system of voting was disputed, a source of conflict. The representatives were instructed to gather grievances from their constituents.
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Tennis Court Oath: The National Assembly vowed to draft a constitution limiting the monarchy's power. Representatives of the Third Estate formed the National Assembly and swore an oath to meet continuously until a new French Constitution was written. They considered themselves spokesmen for the nation.
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Rural Uprisings: Rumors of counter-revolutionary forces led to attacks on the chateaux, looting of grain, and the destruction of records of feudal dues. This was a response to fears of government and aristocrats; they attacked chateaux, looted grain, and destroyed records of feudal dues.
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Royal Acceptance: Faced with widespread unrest, Louis XVI recognized the National Assembly and agreed to constitutional limits on his power. This was in response to fear and insurrection within France. The Assembly abolished feudal obligations and taxes, including tithes, and confiscated Church lands.
France Becomes a Constitutional Monarchy (1791)
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Constitutional Monarchy: The National Assembly drafted a constitution establishing a constitutional monarchy, limiting the powers of the king, separating powers, and establishing basic rights. The Constitution aimed to limit the king's powers and separate the branches of government.
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Limited Suffrage: The constitution granted voting rights to only a portion of male citizens, excluding women and some men. Voting rights were based on property ownership. Only men who paid taxes equal to at least 3 days of a laborer's wage were active citizens.
The Republic and Reign of Terror (1792-1794)
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Declaration of the Right of Man and Citizen: The constitution began with a declaration establishing natural rights including liberty, property, and security. It proclaimed fundamental rights like liberty and equality.
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War and Instability: France declared war on Austria. Internal divisions and economic hardship continued, leading to discontent and more radical measures.
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Jacobins Rise: The radical Jacobins, led by Robespierre, seized control during the Reign of Terror, implementing harsh punishments for perceived ‘enemies’ of the republic. Their leadership, marked by the Reign of Terror, eliminated perceived enemies of the revolution.
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Reign of Terror: Thousands were executed, and the government imposed strict controls on wages, prices, and daily life. This saw the execution of thousands.
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Robespierre's Fall: Robespierre’s extreme measures alienated even his supporters and led to his execution. The Reign of Terror ended with the execution of Robespierre.
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The Directory: A new five-member executive was formed, marked by political instability.
Women's Role in the Revolution
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Active Participation: Women participated extensively in the revolution from the beginning, demanding better social and political conditions, like better wages, education, and legal rights. Women played a significant role.
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Political Clubs: Women formed their own political clubs advocating for greater rights. Women formed clubs to voice their political interests. Women were active in political clubs, advocating for their rights.
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Limited Progress: While some reforms were enacted improving women’s social lives, many faced increased persecution during the Reign of Terror or the later years. Some improved conditions such as education, marriage rights, and employment opportunities but faced the suppression of women's political activity during the Reign of Terror.
Abolition of Slavery
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Triangular Trade: France benefited economically from the slave trade. The slave trade was from Europe-Africa-Caribbean, supplying needed labor and benefiting some French ports.
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Abolition and Re-introduction: The Jacobin government abolished slavery in its overseas possessions, but Napoleon later re-introduced it. Slavery was later reintroduced; it was finally abolished in French colonies in 1848 amid changes in leadership.
Impact on Everyday Life
- Freedom of the Press: The revolution brought about freedom of the press, leading to the increased dissemination of ideas and debates. Freedom of expression and the press aided in spreading revolutionary ideals.
Conclusion
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Legacy of the French Revolution: The revolution's ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity had a lasting impact on France and Europe, inspiring later social and political movements. The revolutionary ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity inspired later movements.
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Napoleon's Empire: Napoleon later rose to power, consolidating some revolutionary gains, but also creating his own empire, eventually falling. Napoleon's rise and empire followed the revolution.
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Description
This quiz provides a summary of the French Revolution, highlighting the key events of 1789 and the financial crisis that engulfed France. It examines the societal structure of late 18th century France, focusing on the burdens faced by the common people and the causes of unrest. Test your knowledge on this pivotal historical event!
