The Formation of Universe

Earth's Spheres

• 71% of the Earth is covered by the hydrosphere, which includes all the planet's water.

Biosphere

• The biosphere refers to the zone of life on Earth, encompassing all living organisms and their environments.

Atmosphere

• The primary function of the atmosphere is to protect the planet from harmful solar and cosmic radiation, and to regulate the Earth's climate.

Origin of Life

• The first form of life is believed to have originated in the oceans, approximately 3.5-4.5 billion years ago.

Lithosphere

• The lithosphere is primarily composed of rocks and minerals, making up the outermost solid layer of the planet.

Speciation

• Speciation is defined as the process of a new species emerging from an existing one, often resulting in reproductive isolation.

Reproductive Isolation

• Individuals stop mating with each other due to reproductive isolation, which can lead to the formation of new species.

Allopatric Speciation

• Allopatric speciation is based on geographic isolation, where a physical barrier separates a population, leading to genetic divergence and eventually, the formation of a new species.
• The process of allopatric speciation is influenced by factors such as mountain-building, continental drift, and climate change, which can lead to the formation of barriers that isolate populations.

Sympatric Speciation

• Sympatric speciation is based on the emergence of new species within the same geographic area, often due to adaptations to different ecological niches.