Endocrine System - (Multiple Choice)

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Questions and Answers

What is the role of inhibin in the reproductive system?

Inhibits the secretion of FSH (correct)

Inhibits the production of testosterone

Stimulates the production of estrogen

Stimulates the secretion of FSH

What physiological effect does relaxin (RLX) have during pregnancy?

Decreases flexibility of the pubic symphysis

Increases flexibility of the pubic symphysis (correct)

Regulates the menstrual cycle

Stimulates production of FSH

Which hormone is produced by the ovaries and is essential for maintaining pregnancy?

Progesterone (correct)

Testosterone

Inhibin

Pancreatic polypeptide

What are the primary functions of testosterone in males?

Stimulates descent of the testes and regulates sperm production Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of the gonads in the human body?

They secrete hormones and produce gametes Signup and view all the answers

What role do hormones play in the endocrine system?

They regulate the activity and growth of target cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of estrogen in girls?

Promoting the accumulation of adipose tissue. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes endocrine glands?

They release hormones into interstitial fluid. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes hormones secreted by hormone-secreting cells?

They can regulate activities in other parts of the body. Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones are primarily associated with muscle mass increase in boys?

Testosterone. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of exocrine glands?

They secrete products into ducts that lead to body cavities. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland?

Heart. Signup and view all the answers

How do hormones generally reach target cells in the body?

By entering the interstitial fluid and then the bloodstream. Signup and view all the answers

What role does oxytocin play during delivery?

It enhances uterine contractions. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the effects of oxytocin after delivery?

Stimulates milk ejection. Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for decreasing urine volume by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Signup and view all the answers

What can cause an increase in urine output significantly?

Drinking alcohol Signup and view all the answers

What shape is the thyroid gland described as?

Butterfly-shaped Signup and view all the answers

What connects the right and left lobes of the thyroid gland?

Thyroid isthmus Signup and view all the answers

What is the average mass of the thyroid gland?

30 g Signup and view all the answers

What structure in the thyroid gland primarily consists of spherical sacs?

Thyroid follicles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an effect of oxytocin in males and non-pregnant females?

Contributes to feelings of pleasure Signup and view all the answers

What happens to urine output in the absence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

It increases significantly. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of thyrotrophic cells?

Secretion of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pituitary gland?

It secretes hormones that control other endocrine glands. Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones do gonadotrophic cells secrete?

Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone Signup and view all the answers

What role does prolactin play in the mammary glands?

Initiates milk production Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the pituitary gland accounts for approximately 75% of its total weight?

Anterior pituitary Signup and view all the answers

What role does the hypothalamus play in relation to the pituitary gland?

It acts as the major link between the nervous and endocrine systems. Signup and view all the answers

What does adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulate?

Suprarenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is secreted by somatotrophic cells?

Growth hormone Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released by the posterior pituitary for uterine contractions and milk ejection?

Oxycontin Signup and view all the answers

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) primarily functions to?

Decrease urine production Signup and view all the answers

What is the infundibular stalk's relationship with the hypothalamus?

It connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus. Signup and view all the answers

What do corticotrophic cells secrete besides ACTH?

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone Signup and view all the answers

Which portion of the posterior pituitary gland is larger?

Pars nervosa Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does the pars intermedia cease to exist as a separate lobe?

During fetal development Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main activities of gonadotropins in women?

Maturing oocytes and secreting estrogens Signup and view all the answers

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract connects which structures?

Hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary Signup and view all the answers

How does the endocrine system predominantly differ from the nervous system?

The endocrine system regulates a broader range of body functions. Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream from the hypothalamus?

Neurosecretory cells Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue primarily composes the anterior pituitary gland?

Epithelial tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is NOT typically associated with the anterior pituitary?

Oxytocin Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Endocrine System

The endocrine system is a collection of glands that produce hormones and regulate many bodily functions, contributing to homeostasis and influencing cells.
Hormones are chemical messengers released by endocrine glands that travel through the bloodstream to target cells, affecting their activity and influencing metabolism.
Exocrine glands secrete substances through ducts, like sweat, oil, digestive enzymes, and mucus.

The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

The hypothalamus is a brain region that acts as a link between the nervous and endocrine system.
The pituitary gland (hypophysis), located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone, is often called the "master" endocrine gland, releasing hormones that control other endocrine glands.
The pituitary gland has two distinct lobes:
- The anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis), made up of epithelial tissue, produces several hormones including:
  - Growth hormone (GH): promotes general body growth and regulates metabolism.
  - Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): controls thyroid gland activity and secretions.
  - Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH): influence gonads (testes and ovaries) to produce gametes and hormones.
  - Prolactin (PRL): stimulates milk production in mammary glands.
  - Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids such as cortisol.
  - Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH): stimulates melanin production in melanocytes.
- The posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) is composed of neural tissue and stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus:
  - Oxytocin (OT): contracts uterine muscles during labor, promotes milk ejection, and possibly plays a role in sexual pleasure.
  - Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) / Vasopressin: decreases urine production by causing the kidneys to reabsorb more water into the bloodstream.

Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped structure situated below the larynx (voice box) and is composed of right and left lobes connected by an isthmus.
Thyroid follicles, the functional units of the thyroid gland, produce thyroid hormones.

The Gonads - Ovaries and Testes

Gonads are responsible for producing hormones and gametes.
Ovaries, located in the female pelvic cavity, produce estrogens (estradiol and estrone), progesterone, and inhibin. These hormones, in conjunction with FSH and LH, regulate the menstrual cycle, support pregnancy, and prepare mammary glands for lactation.
Testes, oval glands located in the scrotum, produce testosterone, an androgen or male sex hormone. It influences the descent of the testes before birth, regulates sperm production, and promotes the development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics such as beard growth and a lower voice pitch.
Inhibin, produced by both ovaries and testes, inhibits FSH secretion.
Relaxin (RLX) is a peptide hormone produced during pregnancy by the ovaries and placenta. It increases flexibility of the pubic symphysis and dilates the cervix during labor and delivery, aiding the passage of the baby.

The Pancreas

The pancreas contains endocrine cells that secrete hormones, including pancreatic polypeptide, which plays a role in regulating blood sugar levels.

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Description

Explore the essential components of the endocrine system, including glands, hormones, and their regulatory effects on bodily functions. Learn about the pivotal roles of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in hormone production and homeostasis. This quiz will deepen your understanding of how these systems work together.