The Endocrine System and Exercise Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What hormone is responsible for increasing cardiac output and redistributing blood to exercising muscles through vasoconstriction?

  • Cortisol
  • ADH & aldosterone
  • Testosterone
  • Epinephrine & norepinephrine (correct)

    • Which hormone is involved in maintaining blood plasma levels and triggers water and sodium retention?

  • Leptin
  • Testosterone
  • Insulin
  • ADH & aldosterone (correct)

    • Which hormone is responsible for increasing muscle size through protein synthesis?

  • Insulin
  • Glucagon
  • Leptin
  • Testosterone (correct)

    • Which hormone is released from overtraining and not enough rest?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in metabolic rate and is affected by hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Thyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for increasing fuel mobilization, and has pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects?

    <p>IL-6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone decreases with training, leading to increased sensitivity?

    <p>Leptin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fatigue is related to psychological factors such as motivation?

    <p>Central fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fatigue is related to muscular factors and energy supply?

    <p>Peripheral fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone decreases with resistance training, but the decrease is not as noticeable?

    <p>IGF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the breakdown of fats in adipocytes and decreases during heavy intensity exercise?

    <p>IL-6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for more glycogen saved and made, and increases sensitivity to insulin?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal muscle pH range?

    <p>6.9-9.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor influences convection in heat exchange?

    <p>Wind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of caffeine on the body?

    <p>Increase fatty acid utilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of sodium bicarbonate in fatigue management?

    <p>Buffer for H+ ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)?

    <p>Inflammation and muscle damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of NT (neurotransmitters) in muscle fatigue?

    <p>Binding to receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of metabolic fatigue?

    <p>Decreased ATP production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of aldosterone in the body?

    <p>Sodium and water retention in kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of fuel for Type I muscle fibers?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of pain during exercise, according to the text?

    <p>Stimulation of nerve fibers from H+ ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of epinephrine (adrenaline) in the body?

    <p>Enhance fatty acid utilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of carbohydrate supercompensation on glycogen stores?

    <p>Enhancing glycogen stores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of resistance training?

    <p>Increasing muscle size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone increases protein synthesis and muscle size?

    <p>Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does resistance training do to muscle cross-sectional area?

    <p>Increases it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the inverse relationship between economy and O2 cost?

    <p>As O2 cost decreases, economy increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of transient hypertrophy in muscles during resistance training?

    <p>Fluid flow to the muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to estimate O2 cost?

    <p>$ ext{O2 cost} = ( ext{m/min}) imes ( ext{mL/kg/kg}) + 3.5 ext{ mL/kg/min}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of endurance training on muscle fibers?

    <p>Conversion of Type IIb to Type IIa fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the velocity at VO2 max?

    <p>The speed at which an individual can run when working at their VO2 max</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference in bone mineral density between weight-bearing and non-weight bearing bones?

    <p>Weight-bearing bones have higher density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limiting factor related to muscle efficiency in using energy?

    <p>Muscle and mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to bone mineral density in female athletes experiencing the 'triad'?

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor influences convection in heat exchange?

    <p>Surface area-mass ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary influencing factor related to genetics in O2 cost and economy?

    <p>Sex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of aldosterone in the body?

    <p>Maintaining blood plasma levels and triggering water and sodium retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation to calculate VO2 using the Fick equation?

    <p>$VO2 = Q imes a-vO2diff$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main criterion for VO2 peak attainment during a test?

    <p>Plateau in VO2 despite increasing work rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for an increase in VO2 max?

    <p>Increased endurance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indicator of exercise intensity domains?

    <p>Lactate threshold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of dehydration on exercise performance?

    <p>Motivation decreases from high intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of critical power in exercise?

    <p>Maximal sustainable power output for 1 hour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation to calculate VO2 using the volume rate of inspired and expired oxygen?

    <p>$VO2 = (VI imes FIO2) - (VE imes FEO2)$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of PGC-1a?

    <p>Stimulation of aerobic adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of resistance training on LDL-C (Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol)?

    <p>Decreases LDL-C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the adrenal medulla?

    <p>Release norepinephrine and epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of sympathetic nervous system stimulation on heart rate?

    <p>Increases heart rate precisely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of epinephrine on glycogenolysis?

    <p>Stimulates glycogen breakdown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of fuel for Type 1 muscle fibers?

    <p>Fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the hypothalamus in response to exercise?

    <p>Helps maintain homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of sympathetic nervous system stimulation on breathing?

    <p>Decreases resistance and helps breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of decreasing blood flow to organs during exercise?

    <p>Hormones stay in the system longer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the sympathetic nervous system during exercise?

    <p>Stimulate adrenal medulla releasing hormones and increase skin blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the breakdown of fats in adipocytes and decreases during heavy intensity exercise?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of sympathetic nervous system stimulation during exercise?

    <p>Increased skin blood flow and enhanced clot breakdown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in metabolic rate and is affected by hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Thyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the parasympathetic nervous system during exercise?

    <p>Increase heart rate variability and stimulate digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of neurotransmitters in muscle fatigue?

    <p>Communicate with target cells and regulate enzyme activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of epinephrine (adrenaline) in the body?

    <p>Stimulate breakdown of fats and increase cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of aldosterone in the body?

    <p>Regulate water and sodium retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)?

    <p>Microscopic muscle fiber damage and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hormones & Exercise

    • Epinephrine (Adrenaline): Increases cardiac output, redistributes blood to exercising muscles through vasoconstriction, and increases fuel mobilization.
    • Aldosterone: Maintains blood plasma levels and triggers water and sodium retention.
    • Testosterone: Increases muscle size through protein synthesis.
    • Cortisol: Released from overtraining and not enough rest.
    • Thyroid Hormone: Influences metabolic rate and is affected by hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.
    • Growth Hormone: Decreases with training, leading to increased insulin sensitivity.
    • Insulin: Increases with training, leading to more glycogen saved and made, and increased sensitivity to insulin.
    • Glucagon: Stimulates the breakdown of fats in adipocytes and decreases during heavy intensity exercise.

    Fatigue

    • Central Fatigue: Related to psychological factors such as motivation.
    • Peripheral Fatigue: Related to muscular factors and energy supply.
    • Metabolic Fatigue: Caused by the accumulation of metabolic byproducts like lactate.
    • Neurotransmitter Fatigue: Caused by depletion of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, leading to decreased muscle activation.

    Other Factors

    • Muscle pH Range: Normal range is 6.9 - 7.1. Outside this range, muscle function can be compromised, leading to fatigue or even damage.
    • DOMS (Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness): Caused by microscopic tears in muscle fibers, triggering inflammation and pain.

    Training Adaptations

    • Muscle Fiber Types:
      • Type I (Slow Twitch): Primarily use aerobic metabolism and are more resistant to fatigue. Main source of fuel is fat.
      • Type II (Fast Twitch): Primarily use anaerobic metabolism and are more powerful but fatigue quicker.
    • Resistance Training: Increases muscle cross-sectional area through hypertrophy.
    • Endurance Training: Improves aerobic capacity (VO2max) and increases the number of mitochondria and capillaries within muscle fibers.
    • Overtraining: Can lead to decreased testosterone and increased cortisol levels, negatively impacting performance and recovery.

    Exercise Physiology

    • VO2 Max: The maximum rate of oxygen consumption during exercise, reflecting aerobic capacity.
    • O2 Cost: Represents the amount of oxygen consumed per unit of work done.
    • Critical Power: Reflects the highest power output sustainable for an extended period of time before reaching exhaustion.
    • Economy: A measure of how efficiently the body uses oxygen during exercise.
    • Genetics: Plays a role in oxygen cost and economy, influencing individual capabilities and adaptations.

    Energy Systems

    • ATP-PCr System: The fastest energy system used for high-intensity, short-duration activities.
    • Glycolytic System: Used for moderate-intensity, short-duration activities, producing lactic acid as a byproduct.
    • Oxidative System: The primary energy system for long-duration, low-intensity activities, using oxygen to produce energy.

    Heat Exchange

    • Convection: The transfer of heat between a body and a fluid medium, such as air or water. Influenced by factors like wind speed and air temperature.
    • Radiation: The transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves, influenced by factors like sun exposure.
    • Conduction: The transfer of heat through direct contact, influenced by factors like the temperature difference between the body and the surface it's in contact with.
    • Evaporation: The transfer of heat as water vaporizes from the skin, using energy from the body and thus cooling it down.

    Caffeine

    • Caffeine: Acts as a stimulant, increasing alertness, focus, and endurance by boosting adrenaline and reducing fatigue.
    • Sodium Bicarbonate: A buffering agent that can temporarily reduce the accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles, delaying fatigue.
    • Hypothyroidism: Characterized by low thyroid hormone levels, resulting in decreased metabolic rate and fatigue.
    • Hyperthyroidism: Characterized by high thyroid hormone levels, resulting in increased metabolic rate and often weight loss.

    Key Concepts

    • Fick Equation: Used to calculate VO2, reflecting the relationship between cardiac output, arterial-venous oxygen difference, and oxygen consumption.
    • Muscle Efficiency: Determined by the amount of energy (ATP) used per unit of work done. Factors like muscle fiber type, training status, and genetics influence efficiency.
    • Bone Mineral Density: Higher in weight-bearing bones, decreasing in athletes experiencing the "female athlete triad."
    • Female Athlete Triad: A condition characterized by disordered eating, amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), and osteoporosis.

    Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems

    • Sympathetic Nervous System: Dominant during exercise, increasing heart rate, breathing rate, and blood flow to muscles.
    • Parasympathetic Nervous System: Dominant during rest and recovery, slowing heart rate and promoting digestion.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the endocrine system's role in exercise with this quiz. Explore topics such as fuel mobilization, hormone-sensitive lipase, blood flow control, and the impact of hormones like epinephrine and norepinephrine on cardiac output and muscle vasoconstriction.

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