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Which of the following best describes 'characters' in drama?
Conflict is an optional element of drama.
False
What is a protagonist?
The main character in a play.
A ______ involves at least two speakers during a performance.
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Match the following elements of drama with their definitions:
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Which of the following is NOT an element of drama?
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Theme is one of the elements of drama.
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What is one key difference between drama and other forms of literature?
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A __________ is a type of drama characterized by a serious tone and typically has a sorrowful ending.
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Match the following types of drama with their descriptions:
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Which of the following statements best defines drama?
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The term 'willing suspension of disbelief' indicates the audience's reluctance to accept unreal elements in a drama.
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Who coined the term 'willing suspension of disbelief'?
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The performance of drama can take place in a theater, on radio, or on __________.
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Match the following elements of drama with their descriptions:
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Which of the following best describes the origins of drama?
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Miracle Plays focused on abstract virtues and vices.
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Name one key dramatist from the Elizabethan period.
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The _____ stage of the 16th century was open to the sky and surrounded by the audience.
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Match the following drama types with their descriptions:
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What major change occurred in drama by the 14th century?
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Elizabethan drama incorporated classical traditions and often included religious themes.
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What is one unique feature of the public theatre of the 16th century?
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What period marked the end of the greatest period in the history of English drama?
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The Restoration comedy is known for maintaining its upper-class ethos and has no influence on modern drama.
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Who was the most important exponent of Comedy of Manners in the early 18th century?
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Ibsen, the great Norwegian dramatist of the 19th century, is known for developing modernist, _____ and psychological dramas.
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Match the following dramatists with their notable works or contributions:
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Which of the following best describes the decline of comedy in the early 18th century?
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The 19th century theatre was closely related to the life of its time.
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What established the modern theatre's structure and design during the Restoration period?
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Which playwrights sought to elevate English drama to the level of Ibsen's work?
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The Abbey Theatre in Dublin was central to the Irish Literary Revival.
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What key themes characterized modern drama in the 20th century?
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The roots of modern Indian drama can be traced back to the __________ drama of the 1st century AD.
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Match the following playwrights with their contributions:
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Study Notes
Elements of Drama
- Plot: Series of events in a play; features a clear beginning, middle, and end.
- Characters: Imaginary persons in drama, including protagonist (main character) and various supporting roles (major, minor, static, dynamic, flat, round).
- Characterization: Reveals character traits to gain insight and build connections with the audience.
- Dialogue: Involves exchanges between speakers; includes monologue (speaking to oneself) and soliloquy (expressing thoughts aloud).
- Stage Directions: Guidelines for actor performance, including set, lighting, music, and costumes, integral for story development.
- Conflict: Central element that drives drama, creating tension and engagement.
- Theme: Main idea or generalization of a play that conveys insights about life and humanity.
Focus of Drama
- Various focuses include scene focus, audience focus, character focus, and actor focus.
Objectives
- Understand drama as a literary genre and distinguish it from other forms.
- Explain the basic elements and types of drama.
Types of Drama
- Tragedy
- Comedy: Includes Romantic Comedy, Sentimental Comedy, Classical Comedy, Comedy of Humour, Comedy of Manners.
- Tragic Comedy
Introduction to English Drama
- Drama originated from folk theatre and is characterized by performance arts using language, music, and gestures.
- Requires a script and live audience engagement.
History of English Drama
- Beginnings: Origins unclear; Romans established amphitheaters, leading to minstrels' storytelling.
- Medieval Era: Transition from ritualistic plays to Miracle Plays (religious themes) and Morality Plays (abstract virtues/vices).
Elizabethan and Restoration Drama
- Renaissance brought classical themes and secular morality plays.
- Notable dramatists included Thomas Kyd, Christopher Marlowe, and William Shakespeare, who advanced tragedy and comedy.
- Public Theatre: Open-air, surrounded by audience on three sides, led to a unique viewing experience.
Shakespearean Era
- Significant contributions made by contemporary playwrights alongside Shakespeare.
- Ben Johnson, noted for his comedies, influenced Restoration dramatists.
Restoration Period
- Theatres reopened after Puritan closures, marking a shift to class drama.
- George Etherege's Comedy of Manners influenced early 18th-century comedy.
Modern Drama
- Developed during the Restoration with advancements in staging, lighting, and audience interaction.
- Early 19th-century drama faced decline in audience engagement and relevance to contemporary life.
Ibsen's Influence
- Henrik Ibsen shaped 20th-century English drama with his realistic and social themes.
- Playwrights like Oscar Wilde and G.B. Shaw elevated English drama's quality through Ibsen's influence.
The Irish Literary Revival
- Early 20th-century movement featuring playwrights like H. Granville Barker and John Galsworthy, centered at Dublin's Abbey Theatre.
Notable Modern Playwrights
- T.S. Eliot, John Osborne, Anton Chekhov, Bertolt Brecht, Eugene O'Neill, Arthur Miller, Tennessee Williams, Eugène Ionesco, Samuel Beckett, and Harold Pinter contributed to discussions on societal themes and tensions post-World War II.
Origins of Indian Drama
- Modern Indian drama roots trace back to 1st-century Sanskrit drama, notably influenced by NatyaShastra by Bharat Muni, significant in dramatology history.
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Test your knowledge on the fundamental elements of drama, including plot, characters, and characterization. Explore how these components contribute to the overall narrative and character dynamics within a play.