30 Questions
What is the common principle on which the description of all particle interactions is based?
“gauge” invariance
What is the prototype of all quantum gauge field theories?
QED, Quantum Electro-Dynamics
What is the name of the gauge theory that describes the whole set of strong, electromagnetic, and weak interactions?
“the Standard Model” of particle interactions (SM)
What is the dominant force in all material bodies on Earth and in geological, astrophysical, and cosmological phenomena?
the gravitational force
What is the theory that describes gravitation beyond the static approximation described by Newton's law?
the theory of general relativity
What is the most complete and plausible description of quantum gravity?
string theory
What are the three classes of fundamental interactions at the microscopic level?
The three classes of fundamental interactions at the microscopic level are strong, electromagnetic, and weak interactions.
What is the role of electromagnetic forces in atoms?
Electromagnetic forces bind the electrons to nuclei in atoms.
What is light?
Light is a particular vibration of electric and magnetic fields, also known as an electromagnetic wave.
What binds protons and neutrons together in nuclei?
Strong interactions bind protons and neutrons together in nuclei.
What are protons and neutrons composed of?
Protons and neutrons are composed of three quarks held together by strong interactions.
What are the weak interactions responsible for?
The weak interactions are responsible for beta radioactivity, nuclear reactions in stars, and the decay of certain particles.
What are the fermionic matter fields of the Standard Model?
quarks and leptons
What are the charges of up-type quarks and down-type quarks?
+2/3 and -1/3 respectively
What are the electric charges of charged leptons and neutrinos?
-1 and 0 respectively
How many families or generations do quarks and leptons form?
3
What are the two prominent properties of QCD?
asymptotic freedom and confinement
What is the effective coupling of QCD that appears in physical processes?
$\alpha_s = \frac{e_s^2}{4\pi}$
What is the basis for the relation between high energy physics and cosmology?
The basis for the relation between high energy physics and cosmology is the ever increasing relation between high energy physics and cosmology.
What is the symmetry group on which the SM is based?
The SM is based on the symmetry group SU(3) ⊗ SU(2) ⊗ U(1).
What is the color group of the theory of strong interactions?
The color group of the theory of strong interactions is SU(3).
What is the generator of the QED gauge group U(1)?
The generator of the QED gauge group U(1) is the electric charge Q, given by Q = T3 + Y/2.
What is the mass of the photon γ?
The photon γ is massless.
What is the breaking of the symmetry in the electroweak theory called?
The breaking of the symmetry in the electroweak theory is called spontaneous symmetry breaking.
What is the theoretical framework that includes weak interactions and quantum electrodynamics in a unified picture?
The Standard Model (SM) provides a well-defined and consistent theoretical framework.
What determines the strength of the effective four-fermion interaction of charged currents at low energy?
The strength is determined by the Fermi coupling constant $G_F$.
What is the effective interaction for muon decay?
The effective interaction for muon decay is given by $L_{\text{eff}} = \left(\frac{G_F},{\sqrt{2}}\right) \bar{\nu}\mu \gamma\alpha(1 - \gamma^5)\mu \bar{e} \gamma^\alpha (1 - \gamma^5)\nu_e$.
What is the value of the Fermi coupling constant $G_F$?
The value of $G_F$ is $1.16639(1) \times 10^{-5} , \text{GeV}^{-2}$.
What is the name given to the weak interactions?
The weak interactions derive their name from their intensity.
What was the old low-energy description of weak interactions?
The old low-energy description of weak interactions was the (V - A) ⊗ (V - A) four-fermion interaction.
"Exploring the Elementary Nature of Fundamental SM Particles: Unveiling the Results from Accelerator Experiments" - Discover the fascinating findings from experiments at accelerators and learn how electrons, quarks, and other fundamental particles exhibit no appreciable internal structure, appearing pointlike and elementary. Explore the potential impact of quantum effects in gravity at incredibly small distances.
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