UNIT 1 - Chapter 3 - Short Answers Study

The sack of Rome by the Visigoths

To stop the Islamic influence that had been spreading rapidly

During the Crusades

<p>Because it is 'dark' only with reference to the Western world</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Islam means 'surrender to God', and its followers are called Muslims (or Moslems)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Koran, which contains the teachings of Muhammad</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Muslim physician and philosopher whose translations of, and commentaries on, the works of Aristotle strongly influenced subsequent Western philosophers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Within 30 years, the Muslims had conquered Arabia, Syria, Egypt, Persia, Sicily, and Spain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avicenna postulated five external senses and seven interior senses, arranged in a hierarchy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>For Avicenna, the active intellect took on theological qualities, allowing humans to understand the cosmic plan and relate to God.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Averroes disagreed with Avicenna's arrangement of human intelligences, believing all human experiences reflect God's influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Averroes believed that only the active intellect survives death, and since it is the same for everyone, nothing personal survives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maimonides attempted to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy with Judaism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maimonides anticipated the modern concern with psychosomatic disorders by showing the relationship between ethical living and mental health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ontological argument is that if we can think of something, it must be real, and since we can think of a perfect being (God), that perfect being must exist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lombard believed that God could be known by studying His works, and there were three ways to learn about God: faith, reason, and the study of God's works.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abelard introduced the dialectic method, where questions are raised and several possible answers are explored to seek truth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scholasticism is the synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy with Christian teachings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conceptualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reconcile faith and reason, showing that both lead to the truth of God's existence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He made a comprehensive review of Aristotle's work and presented it to the church scholars</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reality is what we experience directly, and there is no need to assume a 'higher' reality beyond our senses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The principle that of several equally effective alternative explanations, the one that makes the fewest assumptions should be accepted</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From a metaphysical problem to a psychological problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They mark the end of the Scholastic period and the beginning of modern empirical philosophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That all beliefs can be proved false, and thus it is best to believe nothing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abelard won, becoming the most popular teacher</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It had no direct impact on philosophical thought, but it influenced Abelard's life and legacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To attain a life of quietude, tranquility, or imperturbability by refraining from making judgments about things that could not truly be known.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The best life is one lived close to nature and away from the rules and regulations of society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Living a life of moderation and rationality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nominalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One should live according to nature's plan and accept one's fate with indifference or courage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epicureans believed in the physical nature of the universe, including the soul, while Stoics believed in living in accordance with nature's plan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Widespread superstition, fear, and persecution of nonbelievers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Translation of Greek and Roman philosophers' works and making advances in medicine, science, and mathematics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emphasis on the importance of semiecstatic trances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human reasoning powers had to be made respectable</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secret rites of initiation and a strong sense of community among members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abelard and St. Albertus Magnus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals are responsible for their actions, and God rewards or punishes them accordingly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It made Christianity a tolerated religion within the Roman Empire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They attempted to reconcile Aristotelianism with their respective faiths: Islam and Judaism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The prevailing negative social climate and absolute power of the church</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shifting the locus of control of human behavior from external to internal, through the concept of an internal sense of morality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It paved the way for a paradigm shift, marking a departure from the dominant theological worldview</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The motivation behind using them, whether it was for worldly or Christian ends</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through introspection, examining his own inner experiences and recognizing that he lived, remembered, understood, and thought even when doubting</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Little to no progress in science, philosophy, and literature, and limited education mostly reserved for priests, monks, and nobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through the works of Avicenna and his colleagues, which were later built upon by Christian theologians</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reconciliation of the use of reason and Christian faith</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To synthesize Aristotelian philosophy with Christian teachings</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The debate was over the existence of abstract universals, and Abelard proposed conceptualism as a compromise between realism and nominalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reconciliation of faith and reason, showing that God could be known through various means</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It divided reason and faith, making it possible to study them separately, and it made the study of nature respectable</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dialectic method, which involves raising questions and exploring possible answers</p> Signup and view all the answers