Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is one of the main pairs of salivary glands?
Which of the following is one of the main pairs of salivary glands?
How do the salivary glands empty their secretions into the mouth?
How do the salivary glands empty their secretions into the mouth?
Which muscle is located near the parotid gland?
Which muscle is located near the parotid gland?
Where is the submandibular gland located?
Where is the submandibular gland located?
Signup and view all the answers
Which structure is associated with the submandibular gland?
Which structure is associated with the submandibular gland?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the gall bladder?
What is the function of the gall bladder?
Signup and view all the answers
Which duct connects the gall bladder to the common bile duct?
Which duct connects the gall bladder to the common bile duct?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the biliary tract empties bile into the duodenum?
Which part of the biliary tract empties bile into the duodenum?
Signup and view all the answers
Through which sphincter does bile enter the duodenum?
Through which sphincter does bile enter the duodenum?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main structural layer of the gall bladder that facilitates expansion and contraction?
What is the main structural layer of the gall bladder that facilitates expansion and contraction?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cell type is found in the gastric glands?
Which cell type is found in the gastric glands?
Signup and view all the answers
Where does the small intestine begin?
Where does the small intestine begin?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the diameter of the small intestine?
What is the diameter of the small intestine?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of tissue covers the outer surface of the stomach and intestines?
What type of tissue covers the outer surface of the stomach and intestines?
Signup and view all the answers
Which section of the small intestine is directly connected to the stomach?
Which section of the small intestine is directly connected to the stomach?
Signup and view all the answers
Which sphincter controls the opening from the pyloric portion of the stomach into the duodenum?
Which sphincter controls the opening from the pyloric portion of the stomach into the duodenum?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the folds in the stomach when it is empty?
What is the name of the folds in the stomach when it is empty?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of cells are NOT part of the gastric glands?
What type of cells are NOT part of the gastric glands?
Signup and view all the answers
How many layers of smooth muscle does the muscularis in the stomach have?
How many layers of smooth muscle does the muscularis in the stomach have?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main characteristic of the gastric mucosa when the stomach is full?
What is the main characteristic of the gastric mucosa when the stomach is full?
Signup and view all the answers
Which movement type is NOT provided by the stomach’s muscle layer?
Which movement type is NOT provided by the stomach’s muscle layer?
Signup and view all the answers
Where are gastric glands most abundantly situated?
Where are gastric glands most abundantly situated?
Signup and view all the answers
How many types of secretory cells do the gastric glands have?
How many types of secretory cells do the gastric glands have?
Signup and view all the answers
Which is the largest serous membrane of the body?
Which is the largest serous membrane of the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of epithelium does the parietal peritoneum consist of?
What type of epithelium does the parietal peritoneum consist of?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the visceral peritoneum?
What is the function of the visceral peritoneum?
Signup and view all the answers
What contains a small amount of serous fluid?
What contains a small amount of serous fluid?
Signup and view all the answers
How many layers does the peritoneum have?
How many layers does the peritoneum have?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of teeth?
What is the primary function of teeth?
Signup and view all the answers
Which action is NOT performed by teeth?
Which action is NOT performed by teeth?
Signup and view all the answers
Where are teeth embedded?
Where are teeth embedded?
Signup and view all the answers
What does mastication refer to?
What does mastication refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
Food mixed with saliva and prepared for swallowing is the result of which process?
Food mixed with saliva and prepared for swallowing is the result of which process?
Signup and view all the answers
Where does the descending colon lie?
Where does the descending colon lie?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the shape of the sigmoid colon?
What is the shape of the sigmoid colon?
Signup and view all the answers
How long is the rectum?
How long is the rectum?
Signup and view all the answers
Where does the sigmoid colon terminate?
Where does the sigmoid colon terminate?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the rectum located?
Where is the rectum located?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the approximate length of the large intestine?
What is the approximate length of the large intestine?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the large intestine is continuous with the ascending colon superiorly?
Which part of the large intestine is continuous with the ascending colon superiorly?
Signup and view all the answers
Where does the ileocaecal valve open from?
Where does the ileocaecal valve open from?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the large intestine is described as a narrow blind tube?
Which part of the large intestine is described as a narrow blind tube?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the usual length of the vermiform appendix?
What is the usual length of the vermiform appendix?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the large intestine lies in a vertical position on the right side of the abdomen?
Which part of the large intestine lies in a vertical position on the right side of the abdomen?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the colon curves acutely to the left at the right colic flexure?
Which part of the colon curves acutely to the left at the right colic flexure?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the large intestine is the longest?
Which part of the large intestine is the longest?
Signup and view all the answers
What shape are the hepatic lobules?
What shape are the hepatic lobules?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cells in the liver ingest and destroy bacteria and worn RBCs?
Which cells in the liver ingest and destroy bacteria and worn RBCs?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of hepatic macrophages?
What is the main function of hepatic macrophages?
Signup and view all the answers
What is found between two pairs of columns of hepatocyte cells?
What is found between two pairs of columns of hepatocyte cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vein is the central vein of a liver lobule connected to?
Which vein is the central vein of a liver lobule connected to?
Signup and view all the answers
Which structure carries blood containing a high concentration of nutrients to the liver cells?
Which structure carries blood containing a high concentration of nutrients to the liver cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the pancreas located?
Where is the pancreas located?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the pancreas fits into the C-shaped curve of the duodenum?
Which part of the pancreas fits into the C-shaped curve of the duodenum?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following organs is associated with the liver superiorly?
Which of the following organs is associated with the liver superiorly?
Signup and view all the answers
Which ligament separates the two lobes of the liver?
Which ligament separates the two lobes of the liver?
Signup and view all the answers
Which structure opens into the duodenum?
Which structure opens into the duodenum?
Signup and view all the answers
Which tissues support the lobules in the pancreas?
Which tissues support the lobules in the pancreas?
Signup and view all the answers
What controls the opening of the hepatopancreatic ampulla in the duodenum?
What controls the opening of the hepatopancreatic ampulla in the duodenum?
Signup and view all the answers
Which lobe of the liver is the smallest?
Which lobe of the liver is the smallest?
Signup and view all the answers
How much does the pancreas generally weigh?
How much does the pancreas generally weigh?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
The Digestive System
Lower Esophageal Sphincter and Pyloric Sphincter
- The lower esophageal sphincter controls the opening of the esophagus into the stomach
- The pyloric sphincter controls the opening from the pyloric portion of the stomach into the duodenum (first part of the small intestine)
Structure of the Stomach
Gastric Mucosa
- The epithelial lining of the stomach is thrown into longitudinal folds called rugae when empty
- The rugae disappear when the stomach is full, giving it a smooth velvety appearance
- Gastric glands are situated below the surface in the mucous membrane, especially in the fundus and body of the stomach
- The glands consist of mucus-secreting goblet cells, chief cells, parietal cells, and endocrine cells
Gastric Muscle
- The muscularis is a thick layer consisting of three distinct layers of smooth muscle fibers:
- Outer layer of longitudinal fibers
- Middle layer of circular fibers
- Inner layer of oblique fibers
- This arrangement allows the stomach to provide two types of movements: churning and peristalsis
Peritoneum
- The peritoneum is the largest serous membrane of the body
- It consists of two layers:
- Parietal peritoneum, which lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity
- Visceral peritoneum, which covers some of the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity and is considered their serosa
- The space between the two layers is called the peritoneal cavity, containing a small amount of serous fluid
Salivary Glands
- There are three pairs of salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual
- They are tubuloalveolar glands that empty their secretions into the mouth through ducts
Large Intestine
- The large intestine, or colon, is about 1.5 to 1.8 meters long
- It consists of four parts: caecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, and sigmoid colon
- The parts of the colon are continuous with each other
Caecum
- The caecum is the first part of the large intestine, located in the right iliac fossa of the abdomen
- It is about 5-8 cm long and has a blind end inferiorly
- The vermiform appendix arises from the caecum just below the ileocaecal valve
Vermiform Appendix
- The appendix is a narrow, blind tube projecting from the caecum
- It is usually about 8-10 cm long and contains more lymphatic tissue than the large intestine
Ascending Colon
- The ascending colon lies in a vertical position on the right side of the abdomen, extending from the caecum to the lower border of the liver
- It curves acutely to the left at the right colic flexure to become the transverse colon
Transverse Colon
- The transverse colon is the longest part of the colon, passing horizontally across the abdomen
- It extends from the hepatic flexure to the splenic flexure, where it curves acutely downward to continue as the descending colon
Teeth
- Teeth are the organs of mastication, designed to cut, tear, and grind ingested food
- They are embedded in the alveoli or sockets of the alveolar ridges of the mandible and maxilla
Gastric Pits and Glands
- The gastric glands consist of mucus neck cells, chief cells, parietal cells, and endocrine cells
- The surface mucous cells, lamina propria, and gastric glands are found in the mucosa
- The muscularis and serosa are also present in the wall of the stomach
Small Intestine
- The small intestine is a continuation of the stomach at the pyloric sphincter and leads into the large intestine at the ileocaecal valve
- It is a tube measuring about 6 meters long and 2.5 cm in diameter
- It consists of three main divisions: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
Pancreas
- The pancreas is a gland with both exocrine and endocrine functions
- It is a greyish-pink colored gland lying transversely across the posterior abdominal wall
- The exocrine pancreas consists of a large number of lobules supported by fine loose connective tissue
Liver
- The liver is the largest visceral organ in the body
- It is a wedge-shaped, reddish-brown colored, solid organ weighing about 1.5 kg
- It is located mainly in the upper right hypochondriac region, part of the epigastric region, and extends into the left hypochondriac region
Organs Associated with the Liver
- Superiorly: diaphragm
- Inferiorly: stomach, duodenum, hepatic flexure of the colon, right kidney, adrenal gland, and bile ducts
- Anteriorly: anterior abdominal wall
- Posteriorly: inferior vena cava, gallbladder, abdominal aorta, and esophagus
Structure of the Liver
- The liver is enclosed by a fibrous capsule and incompletely covered by a layer of peritoneum
- It consists of two lobes separated by the falciform ligaments
- Each lobe is divided into numerous lobules by small blood vessels and fibrous strands
Descending Colon
- The descending colon lies in a vertical position on the left side of the abdomen, extending from a point below the spleen to the level of the iliac crest
Sigmoid Colon
- The sigmoid colon passes downwards below the iliac crest, describing an S-shaped curve in the pelvis, and continues downwards to become the rectum
Rectum
- The rectum lies in the pelvic cavity, about 13 cm long, and leads from the sigmoid colon to the anal canal
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Learn about the lower esophageal sphincter, pyloric sphincter, and the structure of the stomach wall, including the gastric mucosa and other layers.