The Crisis of the Twelfth Century
44 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What was the main complaint of the monks regarding their town's finances?

  • Their town's profits were decreasing.
  • Their town was paying a consistent but low rent. (correct)
  • They were receiving too much revenue.
  • They were not receiving any rent at all.

The twelfth century saw the decline of prescriptive accountability methods.

True (A)

What two types of records were kept to ensure financial accountability during the twelfth century according to Bisson?

Records of income and expenses

The _______ in Paris emerged in the 13th century as a new form of financial oversight.

<p>Chambre des Comptes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following figures with their contributions or roles:

<p>Bisson = Critiqued old prescriptive accountability methods Jan van Grimbergen = Treasurer of Brabant in 1415 English Exchequer = Conducted annual audits from 1129-30 Burgundian Chambres des Comptes = Established a clear system of control</p> Signup and view all the answers

Germanic Law was primarily written and codified during the early post-Roman period.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which source of law was associated with the pope and church assemblies?

<p>Canon Law (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the division of power in feudalism between vassals and their lords?

<p>fiefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

The massive growth of ________ led to the delegation of royal power to local officials in the twelfth century.

<p>castles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following titles with their roles in the Carolingian state:

<p>Counts = Delegated local authority Dukes = Military leaders Missi Dominici = Royal envoys to oversee counts Freemen = Independent soldiers or jurors</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which century did the malae consuetudines, or 'bad habits', become prominent due to violence and force?

<p>Twelfth century (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Crisis of the Twelfth Century was characterized by a lack of central control in Europe.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the bailiffs introduced during the Crisis of the Twelfth Century?

<p>They were legal officers with territorially defined legal power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary demand of the States of Holland regarding the Audit Chambers?

<p>To uphold previous charters and promises (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of feudalism was characterized by a lack of personal dependency between lords and vassals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What economic situation did the inhabitants of Europe primarily experience during the ninth and tenth centuries?

<p>Decline of commerce and a move to a subsistence economy</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Rekenkamer of The Hague was established for the purpose of ensuring __________ between a prince and his officers.

<p>accountability</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical concepts with their descriptions:

<p>Feudalism = Personal dependency relationships between lords and vassals Homage = A ceremony that established feudal relationships Usufruct = Rights allowing use of land for personal benefit Customary law = Norms governing the community applied by lords</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the duties of lords in a feudal society?

<p>Collecting taxes and applying laws (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The invasions from outside during the migratory waves contributed to the economic stability of Europe.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were lords expected to provide in exchange for the land granted to vassals?

<p>Military protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered essential for an action to qualify as just in legal interactions?

<p>Intention behind the action (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Crimes against oneself are classified as sins, while crimes against others involve both commission and omission.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one of the three central mandates of legal institutes.

<p>To live justly</p> Signup and view all the answers

The collection of texts that make up the canon law is called _______.

<p>Corpus Iuris Canonici</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a central issue in the Investiture Conflict?

<p>Appointment of bishops (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pope Gregory VII claimed that he could be judged by other leaders.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following legal concepts with their definitions:

<p>Ius Commune = A legal method organizing preexisting normative order Ius Canonicum = Collection of canon law texts such as Decretum Gratiani Ius Proprium = Specific legal systems that may vary by jurisdiction Consilia = Practical applicability of legal debates</p> Signup and view all the answers

What agreement was established in 1122 that helped resolve the Investiture Conflict?

<p>Concordat of Worms</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term '_________' describes the claims made by the Church to universal authority during the Papal Revolution.

<p>Papal Revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following important figures with their roles:

<p>Pope Gregory VII = Author of the Dictatus Papae Emperor Henry IV = Struggled with the Pope during the Investiture Conflict Hildebrand = Another name for Pope Gregory VII Harold Berman = Historian of the Papal Revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines feudalism?

<p>A multilayered system of land ownership and duty exchange. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Investiture Conflict was primarily about the appointment of bishops.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant legal development occurred in Europe during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries?

<p>The rebirth of Roman law and the establishment of universities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pope Gregory VII's reforms aimed to gain control over _____ and restrict emperors' powers.

<p>bishops</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical figures with their roles:

<p>Pope Gregory VII = Reformed the Church to strengthen papal powers Emperor Henry IV = Ignored papal authority over bishop appointments Bartolus of Saxoferrato = Developed new legal principles regarding territorial jurisdiction Charlemagne = Unified much of Western Europe under his rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of Scholasticism in the study of law?

<p>To analyze Roman texts for underlying principles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Dictatus Papae established that the pope's decisions could be appealed.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main outcome of the Concordat of Worms?

<p>Recognition of the elections of bishops as a papal privilege.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ius commune represents a law that is potentially _____ to all Romanized Christians.

<p>common</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributed to the legal revolution in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries?

<p>Rediscovery of Roman legal texts, adoption of Scholasticism, and growth of universities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The parliamentary powers of lords diminished during the eleventh and twelfth centuries.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect did the feudal law have on the jurisdiction between lords and vassals?

<p>It defined their relationships, duties, and the legal precedents for disputes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ associated with traditional Germanic law included oral customs that decided what constituted law.

<p>custom</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sources of Law in Post-Roman Europe

Multiple sources of law, including canon law (pope and church), roman law (royal officials and notaries), and Germanic law (oral tradition and assemblies of elders) but with practical variations of local customs creating a mix.

Carolingian State and Decline of Freemen

The Carolingian state was characterized by a decline of freemen's role in the army and legal juries, leading to a system of counts, dukes, and missi dominici (royal envoys).

Feudalism

A system where vassals (vassals of the king or dominici) receive fiefs (feuda or beneficia) in exchange for military service and loyalty.

Banal Revolution

The period marked by the growth of castles and the assertion of local lords' power, leading to a situation where local lords possessed sovereign power.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Malae Consuetudines

Violent practices and abuse of power that became common in the twelfth century, fueled by feudal ties and the spread of knights and castles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Crisis of the Twelfth Century

The period in the 12th century marked by decentralization of power and the emergence of local lords who held both judicial and military authority.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bailiff

A legal officer with defined territorial jurisdiction, appointed to maintain order and enforce laws.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chronicle of Jocelin of Brakelond

The Chronicle of Jocelin of Brakelond provides details of the life and administration of Abbot Samson of Bury St Edmunds. It highlights the importance of written law in maintaining order and continuity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Probatory Accountability

A method of financial accountability that emphasizes detailed records of income and expenses, aiming to prove rather than assume proper management.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Judicial Audit

A system of regular audits conducted by a designated body, such as the English Exchequer, to verify the financial records and actions of local officials.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Old Prescriptive Accountability

The historical approach to financial accountability, relying on informal checks, oral testimonies, and occasional, often unsystematic, evaluations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pipe Rolls

Formal financial records kept by governments and other entities to track income, expenses, and overall financial health.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chambre des Comptes

A system of financial control developed in Burgundy, France, in the 13th century, emphasizing systematic and documented audits, evolving from the English model.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Investiture

The process by which a secular ruler, like an emperor, appoints a bishop to a church post. This appointment granted the bishop both religious and political authority.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Investiture Conflict

A conflict that arose in the 11th century between the Holy Roman Emperor and the Pope, centered around who had the right to appoint bishops. Emperors saw it as a way to control the church, while Popes argued for their own authority.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ottonian "Imperial Church System"

A system of governance in the Holy Roman Empire where the emperor held both military and religious authority.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dictatus Papae

A document issued by Pope Gregory VII in 1075 that asserted the Pope's supreme authority over the Church and his right to depose emperors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Importance of Intent in Justice

The intention to act justly, even if the desired outcome is not achieved, is considered sufficient for an act to be considered just.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Corpus Iuris Canonici

A collection of legal texts, including the Decretum Gratiani, Liber Extra, Liber Sextus, and Clementinae, forming the body of canon law.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ius Commune

The application of a legal method to create potentially universal laws, organizing and systematizing existing laws.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Consilia

Legal advisors who provided opinions and advice on legal cases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

The Return of Jurisprudence

The revival of jurisprudence, with scholars like Bartolus of Saxoferrato becoming highly influential figures in the development of legal theory.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Supreme Adjudicators

A legal practice where monarchs positioned themselves as the highest judicial authority to consolidate their power.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Feudalism as an Abstraction

The theoretical model of feudalism, where lords and vassals are linked through a hierarchy of personal loyalties, doesn't fully reflect the complexities of the past.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Papal Reform

A period of reform initiated by Pope Gregory VII in the late 11th century aimed at asserting the Church's authority over secular rulers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Concordat of Worms

A compromise reached in 1122 that resolved the Investiture Conflict, allowing emperors to preside over and intervene in bishop elections while recognizing papal authority.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Renaissance

A period of intellectual, scientific, and artistic revival in Europe, also impacting legal development.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Corpus Iuris Civilis

The rediscovery of Roman legal texts, primarily the Corpus Iuris Civilis, sparked a legal revolution in Europe.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Scholasticism

A method of legal analysis based on the assumption that Roman texts possess inherent harmony, extracting rules and principles to explain legal consistency.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Universities

The emergence of universities played a key role in the spread and development of legal knowledge during the 12th and 13th centuries.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ius Commune in Practice

The application of Roman law principles to resolve specific legal issues, even those not directly addressed in the Corpus Iuris Civilis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Jurist Responses

A collection of legal questions and answers compiled by jurists, serving as an important source of legal reasoning and precedent.

Signup and view all the flashcards

The Impact of Ius Commune

The study of Roman, canon, and feudal laws in medieval universities revolutionized legal frameworks, creating a common legal system for Europe.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prince's Accounts

Accounts that tracked the financial transactions between a prince and his officers, used to ensure accountability and transparency.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rekenkamer of The Hague

A chamber of accounts that was designed to centralize and standardize financial auditing in the Burgundian Low Countries.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bottom-up Accountability

A demand by citizens for accountability from government officials, representing a foundational principle of good governance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Conversion and Romanization of Europe

The process by which people in Europe began to adopt Roman culture and Christianity, starting in the 6th century.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ninth to Eleventh Century Europe

A period characterized by significant social, economic, and political changes, marked by the rise of feudalism.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Feudalism (Conventional Portrait)

A system of social and political organization based on personal relationships of dependence, where powerful individuals (lords) granted land and protection to vassals in exchange for loyalty and service.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Homage

A formal ceremony in which a vassal pledges allegiance to a lord, establishing the basis for feudal relationships.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Usufruct or Tenure Rights

The right to use and enjoy the benefits of land without owning it, granted by a lord to a vassal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Sources of Law in Post-Roman Europe

  • Canon Law: Pope, church assemblies, falsified documents
  • Roman Law: Royal officials, notaries in the Frankish Empire, Visigothic Spain, Byzantine Italy
  • Germanic Law: Oral tradition, assemblies of elders, but also with kings like Lex Salica (6th century). Local customs greatly varied and often combined with other legal systems.

Governing Post-Roman Europe

  • Western Europe was depopulated by the plague in the 6th century AD and experienced recurring attacks like those from Magyars and Vikings.
  • Recovery from these events was slow, with land abundant and people scarce, which led to reliance on estates worked by serfs.
  • The role of free men in the military and legal systems decreased.
  • Carolingian authorities had counts, dukes, and missi dominici.
  • A clear separation emerged between vassals (vassi regis / dominici) and fiefs (feuda / beneficia).

English Demography

  • 1315–1317/22: Great Famine
  • 1348: Black Death
  • Population fluctuations are shown in a table, with figures for various years from 1086 to 1603.
  • There were changes in populations across specific areas in England from 1086 to the mid-14th century.

Revival of Commerce

  • Revival of commerce led to city building, increased production, and tax/income opportunities.
  • Local lords gained power as holders of sovereign power.

Crisis of the Twelfth Century

  • Information from Jocelin of Brakelond's chronicle, focusing on the administration of the Abbey of Bury St Edmunds
  • Increasing inflation caused trouble for monks, particularly the complaint of rising expenses versus fixed revenue.
  • Old prescriptive accountability proved inadequate and was replaced by occasional, informal audits of administrators.
  • The rise of a new accounting technique, focusing on record keeping of income and expenses, to establish accountability.
  • English Exchequer (and pipe rolls) were used for annual audits from at least 1129-30.
  • Financial pressures led to the pledging of offices for several years at times of need.
  • The rise of Burgundian Chambres des Comptes marked a standardization and control model.

The Investiture Conflict

  • Emperor Henry IV ignored papal nominees for the archdiocese of Milan and instead appointed his own man.
  • The Concordat of Worms temporarily resolved the conflict.
  • The disagreement stemmed from control over the appointment of bishops and involved disputes over power between emperors and popes.
  • European law combined Roman, Germanic, canon, and local laws, increasingly influenced by powerful local lords.
  • Powerful lords established their power through covenants and exchanges with vassals.
  • The Investiture Conflict influenced the rebirth of Roman law in Italian universities in the 12th and 13th centuries.

The New Juridical Science and Pre-Existing Law

  • Jurists used ius commune and methods to analyze, interpret, and decide cases, combining it with ius proprium.
  • This combination meant that ius commune (general Roman law) was thought applicable to many areas.
  • The resulting legal system was widely accepted.

Law in Germanic Post-Roman Europe

  • Custom as a form of law, where oral traditions and communities determined what was considered law.
  • Visigothic Kingdom's laws, like the Breviarium Alaricianum, combined Roman laws with other traditions.
  • Carolingian Empire's laws, including the Capitularies, varied regionally.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Module 3 - Medieval State & Ius Commune in Western Europe PDF

Description

This quiz explores financial accountability, legal systems, and power dynamics during the twelfth century. Delve into the roles of monks, the emergence of financial oversight, and key historical figures. Test your knowledge on the complexities of feudalism and its impact on society.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser