The Concept of Man (Insan)

• The concept of the term man (Insan) as explored through the lenses of sociology and psychology.
• Course involves attendance tracking via PowerApps, reviewing attendance reports, and revisiting logic concepts.
• The aims to clarify the origin of humans, significant concepts characterizing humanity, dualism, separation of mind and body, and a successful person through the JERI framework.

Significance of Philosophy

• Ancient Greek and Oriental philosophy utilized philosophical thought to attain happiness and well-being.
• Philosophy is an integral part of life, not separate from it.
• Philosophy explores metaphysical, epistemological, logical, and ethical dimensions of life in the pursuit of happiness.

Different Lenses for Viewing 'Man'

• The concept of man can be understood through origin, human nature and prosperous nature.
• Explored through origin, human nature (sifat insan) and insan sejahtera.

Philosophical Perspective

• Socrates: The unexamined life is not worth living.
• Understanding the concept of being human can guide one towards perfection and a more meaningful existence

Western Philosophy - Aristotle

• Aristotle states man is a rational animal.
• Characteristics include intellect/rationality.
• Rational thought differentiates humans from animals.
• Humans are considered logocentric i.e. centered on rational and intellectual capacity.

Western Philosophy - Friedrich Nietzsche

• Nietzsche: the human concept isn't based on logocentrism, but on emotions and intuition, which may be irrational.
• Nietzsche highlights the dark side of humanity.
• Nietzsche advocates for adopting a scientific approach to life, not just rationality.

Medieval to Modern Western Philosophy

• During medieval times, religious beliefs, especially Christianity, influenced the concept of man.

• The concept of man and humanity are explained from a religious viewpoint.

• Man, as God's creation, should follow divine law.

• Existentialism, notably through Jean-Paul Sartre: humans are born without guidance.

• The individual must find meaning during their life.

Islamic Philosophy

• The concept of man is rooted in Islamic teachings.

• Hablun min Allah: Relationship with Allah.

• Hablun min Annas: Relationship with humans.

• Hablun Min Al Alam: Relationship with environment.

• Man is a servant who must obey Allah.

• One cannot break the rules set forth by Allah.

• Man is a vicegerent of Allah, representing God.

• Mankind’s role is to fulfill Allah’s trust (Amanah) and act as a steward, such as protecting the environment.

Indian Civilization - Hinduism

• Man is deemed a creation possessing a soul (atman).
• The atman merges with Brahman (the Divine).

Indian Civilization - Rebirth

• Rebirth depends on one's actions during their life.
• Good actions lead to rewards and vice versa.
• The ultimate aim is to attain Moksha.

Chinese Civilization - Buddhism

• The concept of divinity and man are distinct as self is considered non-existent.
• Life is synonymous with suffering.
• Man needs to liberate himself from misery and suffering:
• Act according to reality.
• Avoid worldly attachments.
• Liberation is the liberation of rebirth.
• One must reach perfection to attain Nirvana.
• Achieve Nirvana (ultimate aim).

Chinese Civilization - Confucianism

• Follow ethical principles to achieve happiness.
• Core behaviours include filial piety, and governing with justice and equity

Chinese Civilization - Taoism

• Tao is an unseen force, indescribable in existence.
• Humans should be seen in connection to the environment (nature-mother).
• Respecting nature will yield happiness:
• The concept of wu wei (non-action) involves aligning actions with nature.
• Acting in accordance with nature.
• Prioritizing the collective good over personal interests to avoid selfishness.

National Education Philosophy (Falsafah Pendidikan Kebangsaan)

• FPK aims to create a balanced and prosperous individual.
• Focus on physical health (Jasmani).
• Focus on being sensitive to emotion (Emosi).
• Focus on spiritual and religious insights (Rohani).
• Focus on creativity (Intelek).

JERI

• Education looks to develop human potential intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically.

• Such efforts will ensure that Malaysians are knowledgeable and competent.

• Balanced Man Potential is:

• Intellect

• Emotion

• Spiritual

• Physical

Insan Sejahtera

• Sejahtera human being in the face of the humanitarian crisis.
• It relates to handling hardship.
• Human beings have the same nature, but varied external contexts.
• Understanding JERI creates holistic individuals that can respond to any challenge.
• Challenges often target one aspect of JERI such as physical, emotional, spiritual or intellectual.

Conclusion

• Human philosophies across various cultures aim to achieve well-being and happiness.
• Acronym JERI can allow an individual to face various challenges.
• The philosophy of Sejahtera has great significance.
• Korea adopts the concept of prosperity (sejahtera) via a 'centre of sejahtera'.