The Columbian Exchange (1450-1750)

The widespread exchange of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and disease between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries.

The movement of crops from one region to another, often across trade routes or through migration.

Introduction of new plants and animals led to changes like deforestation, soil depletion, and water pollution, impacting the natural environment in the Americas.

The forced migration of millions of Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas for enslavement.

People who migrated voluntarily to the Americas and agreed to work for a set time in exchange for passage and other benefits.

Transferred diseases, primarily from Europe to the Americas, had devastating consequences for indigenous populations, leading to widespread deaths.

Highly profitable agricultural products that are grown for sale, such as sugar, cotton, and tobacco.

Millions of Europeans migrated to the Americas between 1492 and 1820, primarily driven by factors such as opportunity.

European diseases like smallpox severely impacted the indigenous population of the Americas, leading to population decline.

A network of trade and the exchange of goods, diseases, and people across the Atlantic Ocean.

Europeans introduced horses, cattle, wheat, and various other crops to the Americas.

European colonization of the Americas drove the Columbian Exchange, establishing the trade routes.

American crops like potatoes and maize enriched the diets of people in Afro-Eurasia, boosting nutrition.

European conquest and the establishment of European-controlled economies in the Americas.

The exchange led to increased agricultural production, development of cash crops, the forced relocation of African slaves, and the expansion of European populations in the Americas.

A one-dimensional figure that extends infinitely in both directions.

A part of a line with two endpoints.

A part of a line with one endpoint that extends infinitely in one direction.

A flat, two-dimensional surface that extends infinitely.

Two rays that share the same endpoint, called the vertex.

Used to find the exact center point between two given points on a coordinate plane. The formula is: (x1 + x2)/2, (y1 + y2)/2

Calculates the straight-line distance between two points on a coordinate plane using the Pythagorean theorem. The formula is: √((x2 - x1)² + (y2 - y1)²)

The total length of all sides of a two-dimensional shape added together.

The space inside a triangle is calculated by multiplying the base by the height and dividing by two: 1/2 * base * height

The space inside a trapezoid is calculated by adding the lengths of the two parallel sides, multiplying by the height, and dividing by two:

Establishes a one-to-one correspondence between points on a line and real numbers. Each point on the line corresponds to a unique real number.

If B is between A and C, then AB plus BC equals AC. This means smaller segments can be added up to form a larger segment.