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Questions and Answers
What was one of the consequences of the World’s Columbian Exposition?
What was one of the consequences of the World’s Columbian Exposition?
The City Beautiful Movement was a reaction against the architectural influence of the World’s Columbian Exposition.
The City Beautiful Movement was a reaction against the architectural influence of the World’s Columbian Exposition.
True
Name one of the leaders of the City Beautiful Movement.
Name one of the leaders of the City Beautiful Movement.
Daniel Burnham
The excessive classical motif influenced cities' architecture after the Columbian Exposition, leading to the construction of impressive public buildings like ______.
The excessive classical motif influenced cities' architecture after the Columbian Exposition, leading to the construction of impressive public buildings like ______.
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Match the following leaders of the City Beautiful Movement with their contributions:
Match the following leaders of the City Beautiful Movement with their contributions:
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Which plan was designed by Daniel Burnham in 1906?
Which plan was designed by Daniel Burnham in 1906?
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The Beaux-Arts architectural style is characterized by its emphasis on modern and innovative design.
The Beaux-Arts architectural style is characterized by its emphasis on modern and innovative design.
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What was the primary period referred to as 'Depression to Pre-World War II'?
What was the primary period referred to as 'Depression to Pre-World War II'?
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The landscape architecture education during the Depression emphasized _____ approach rather than site-specific problem solving.
The landscape architecture education during the Depression emphasized _____ approach rather than site-specific problem solving.
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Match the following notable memorials with their respective architects:
Match the following notable memorials with their respective architects:
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Which plan was developed by Walter Burley Griffin in 1912?
Which plan was developed by Walter Burley Griffin in 1912?
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The American Academy in Rome promoted a break from traditional design during the 1930s.
The American Academy in Rome promoted a break from traditional design during the 1930s.
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What architectural teaching method became famous during the 1800s and early 1900s?
What architectural teaching method became famous during the 1800s and early 1900s?
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Who were the key figures responsible for the design of Washington, D.C.?
Who were the key figures responsible for the design of Washington, D.C.?
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The White House was built before the Capitol.
The White House was built before the Capitol.
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What type of gardening style became popular in America during the Romantic period (1831-1869)?
What type of gardening style became popular in America during the Romantic period (1831-1869)?
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The United States Capitol was designed by ______.
The United States Capitol was designed by ______.
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Which of the following was an example of a project type that emerged during the Romantic period?
Which of the following was an example of a project type that emerged during the Romantic period?
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Match the following examples with their corresponding creators:
Match the following examples with their corresponding creators:
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Pattern Books were used to provide garden designs for homeowners.
Pattern Books were used to provide garden designs for homeowners.
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What was the architectural style of buildings like the White House and the U.S. Capitol?
What was the architectural style of buildings like the White House and the U.S. Capitol?
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Who were the creators of the Greensward Plan for Central Park?
Who were the creators of the Greensward Plan for Central Park?
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What characteristic is common among residential gardens in the New England colonies?
What characteristic is common among residential gardens in the New England colonies?
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The term ‘suburb’ was coined in 1841 by Nathaniel Parker Willis.
The term ‘suburb’ was coined in 1841 by Nathaniel Parker Willis.
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Pleasure gardens for the middle class in the 18th century featured only native vegetation.
Pleasure gardens for the middle class in the 18th century featured only native vegetation.
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What significant contribution did Olmsted write in 1865?
What significant contribution did Olmsted write in 1865?
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Name one example of a plantation mentioned in the content.
Name one example of a plantation mentioned in the content.
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The central open space in a New England colonial town was referred to as the ______.
The central open space in a New England colonial town was referred to as the ______.
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The ________ proposed a more systematic approach to landscape architecture from 1869 to 1960.
The ________ proposed a more systematic approach to landscape architecture from 1869 to 1960.
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Match the following projects with their corresponding creators:
Match the following projects with their corresponding creators:
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Match the following examples with their respective features:
Match the following examples with their respective features:
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Which style was practiced by Americans who had large libraries of design books after visiting England?
Which style was practiced by Americans who had large libraries of design books after visiting England?
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Which of the following features is NOT typically found in planned suburban communities?
Which of the following features is NOT typically found in planned suburban communities?
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The Fens and Back Bay Network of Parks was designed by Charles Eliot.
The Fens and Back Bay Network of Parks was designed by Charles Eliot.
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Townhouse gardens typically featured large, informal layouts.
Townhouse gardens typically featured large, informal layouts.
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What type of design methodology began to gain prominence after 1869 in landscape architecture?
What type of design methodology began to gain prominence after 1869 in landscape architecture?
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What primary crop was NOT commonly grown in the Southern colonies?
What primary crop was NOT commonly grown in the Southern colonies?
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The layout of capital towns often followed the classical or ______ prototype.
The layout of capital towns often followed the classical or ______ prototype.
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Which of the following cities was established in 1620?
Which of the following cities was established in 1620?
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Which of the following was NOT a goal of regional environmental management during the transition period?
Which of the following was NOT a goal of regional environmental management during the transition period?
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Thomas Church was known primarily for his work in landscape architecture.
Thomas Church was known primarily for his work in landscape architecture.
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Name one design aspect characterized by the New York World’s Fair (1939).
Name one design aspect characterized by the New York World’s Fair (1939).
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Frank Lloyd Wright's design philosophy emphasized uniqueness of the site, indigenous materials, and __________ flow.
Frank Lloyd Wright's design philosophy emphasized uniqueness of the site, indigenous materials, and __________ flow.
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Which design approach is associated with Dan Kiley, James Rose, and Garrett Eckbo?
Which design approach is associated with Dan Kiley, James Rose, and Garrett Eckbo?
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The design ideas presented at the New York World’s Fair were characterized by asymmetrical balance.
The design ideas presented at the New York World’s Fair were characterized by asymmetrical balance.
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What year was the exhibition garden for the Golden Gate Expo created?
What year was the exhibition garden for the Golden Gate Expo created?
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Match the following designers to their characteristic design approach:
Match the following designers to their characteristic design approach:
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Study Notes
The Modern World (Europe) (1700-1900)
- Period spanning from 1700 to 1900 in Europe
- Focuses on the English Natural or Romantic Period (1715-1837)
English Natural or Romantic Period (1715-1837)
-
Social Context:
- War with France
- American Revolutionary War
- Urbanization following industrial revolution
- Age of Enlightenment
- Social Unrest and Reform
-
Design Expressions:
- Cultural aesthetic evolved from formal to informal
- John Evelyn's "Sylva," advocated reforestation
- Critical essays critiqued formal gardens (e.g., The Spectator)
- William Kent: "Nature abhors a straight line"
- William Hogarth: "The waving line is the way to beauty"
- Visits to China influenced design (e.g., Chinoiserie)
- Grand tour of Roman and Greek historic sites
- 17th-century fashion in romantic landscape paintings
- Application of painting composition to landscape design
- Renewed interest in Western Classicism
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau's influence: interest in returning to nature
- Age of Enlightenment and scientific endeavors emphasized indigenous landscape character
- Laws of nature as determinants of design elements and compositions
- Landscape design as an expression of sympathy toward nature
- Creations of natural or picturesque pastoral scenery
- Borrowing scenery from surrounding countryside
- Removal of geometric gardens in favor of informal naturalistic scenery
- Contrived artifice of follies, ruins, temples, or castles
- Planting dead trees to enhance natural appearance
- Rustic hermitages in forest huts or caves
- Stowe (1713) by Charles Bridgeman
- Stourhead (1743-1775) by Henry Hoare II
- Blenheim (1761) by Brown
- Capability Brown (1750-17783), period of compromise between informal and formal settings
- Use of "red books" for design proposals
- Modifications of Longleat, Wimpole, Sheffield Park by C. Brown
- Humphrey Repton: first to call himself a Landscape Gardener (1780), advocated reinstatement of geometric gardens
- (Late 18th century) William Gilpin, Sir Uvedale Price, Richard Payne Knight favored picturesque, unkempt landscapes over manicured ones of C. Brown
- Jardin Anglais: Adaptations of English landscape style in Europe (e.g., Englische Garten, Germany; Bois de Boulogne, France)
- Urban residential squares, speculative construction of facades with open squares
- Urban residential developments designed to appear palatial, middle class tenants sought aristocratic housing
- Urban country parks created from royal properties
- Planned residential communities, suburban shopping centers, urban renewal projects, suburban college campuses, urban plazas, rooftop plazas, industrial and corporate parks, memorials.
- Mount Royal Park (1875) Montreal, Canada by F.L. Olmsted
- Boston Metropolitan District (1893) by Charles Eliot
- The Fens and Back Bay Network of Parks (emerald Necklace), Boston (1878-1891) by F.L. Olmsted and Charles Olmsted
- Country Place Era (1870-1929) picturesque, single track eclectic revivalism stimulated by industrial boom
- Ex: Olana, Hudson, New York (1870) by Calvert Vaux
- Landscape Architectural Design Advances, ex: Timberline, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania (1912) by Plat and Olmsted Brothers; Killenworth, Long Island (1925) by James L Greenleaf
American National Classical Period (1791-1830)
- Governmental facilities in new states
- City planning: Grand Baroque master plans modeled on Versailles and Wren Plan of London
- U.S. Federal Capital City (1791) Washington, D.C. by Pierre Charles L’Enfant, George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson
- Institutional Facilities: Classic Revival (Roman Style) buildings
- Ex: President's House (White House), Washington D.C., 1792-1819 by James Holban
- Ex: U.S. Congress House, 1793-1800 (Capitol), Washington D.C. by Dr. William Thornton
- Residential gardens continued as geometric compositions similar to colonial examples
- Beginnings of botanical gardens and horticultural nurseries
- Stimulation of interest in exotic plant materials, mail-order purchase of nursery plants and seeds
- Ex: The Woodlands (1785-1786), Philadelphia, by George Washington; Yale College (1792), New Haven, Connecticut, by John Trumbull; Point Breeze (1817-1825), Bordertown, New Jersey, by Joseph Bonaparte
American Romantic (1831-1869)
- Increased popularity of English landscape gardening style
- Gradual shift from geometric to informal naturalistic design (e.g., using 18th century formulas)
- New project types: public facilities (cemeteries, parks)
- Ex: Spring Grove Cemetery, New York 1838 by David Bates Douglass; Smithsonian Museum Grounds and The Mall, Wash D.C., 1851 by Andrew Jackson Downing
- Ex: Greensward Plan for Central Park, New York 1858 by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux
- Yosemite Valley as State Wilderness Reservation 1864
- Wrote management manual (1865)
- Residential developments: planned suburban communities, park-like settings with relatively large private building lots, open space, amenities like trees and water bodies, public community facilities
- Ex: Riverside, Illinois (1868-1870) by Olmsted and Vaux
Expansion of the Profession of Landscape Architecture (1869-1960)
- Gradual shift from Romantic Idiom to systematic design
- Based on landforms, micro-climate, and existing vegetation
- Increasing number of practicing landscape architects
- Public urban parks and parkways: Mount Royal Park (1875) Montreal, Canada by F.L. Olmsted; Boston Metropolitan District (1893) by Charles Eliot; The Fens and Back Bay Network of Parks (1878-1891) by F.L. Olmsted and Charles Olmsted
- Expositions and their impact
- Country Place Era (1870-1929)
- Landscape architectural design advances; ex Timberline (1912) and Killenworth estates on Long Island (1925); by F.L. Olmsted, Jr., and Charles Mckim, Daniel Burnham
- Examples of City Beautiful Movement: McMillan Plan for Washington D.C. 1901; San Francisco Plan (1906) by Burnham; Chicago Plan (1909) by Burnham; Manila, Philippines Plan (1906) by Burnham; Canberra, Australia Plan (1912) by Griffin
Depression to Pre-World War II (1929-1941)
- America's shift away from eclectic design influences of Europe to traditionalism
- Examples of traditionalism: Lincoln Memorial (1910-1922) by Henry Bacon; Jefferson Memorial (1939-1943) by John Russell Pope
- Transition to new attitudes about environment, planning, and design
- Regional Environmental Management, reforestation, recreation, soil conservation, navigational improvements, agricultural practices
- Experimentation with avant garde design thinking (ex: Dan Kiley, James Rose, Garret Eckbo; Frank Lloyd Wright; Thomas Church; Fallingwater) and landscape design displayed in New York World's Fair (1939); Ex: Exhibition Garden, San Francisco Golden Gate Expo (1940)
Landscape Architecture Profession Post World War II (1945-1993)
- Population shift from rural to urban; urban sprawl into suburbs due to cheaper land
- Shift in project types and clients, commissions for residential grounds for the wealthy, declined
- Renewed commitment to environmental stewardship; ecological considerations
- Handling diverse projects; planned residential communities; suburban shopping centers; urban renewal, redesign of inner city areas; suburban college campuses, urban plazas, rooftop plazas, Industrial, corporate, and institutional parks, memorial designs.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the City Beautiful Movement and its impact on architecture following the World’s Columbian Exposition. This quiz covers key figures, architectural styles, and significant urban plans from the era. Assess your understanding of how these elements shaped modern city design.
