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Questions and Answers
What is the final electron acceptor in the cellular respiration process?
What is the final electron acceptor in the cellular respiration process?
What is the primary function of the PDH complex?
What is the primary function of the PDH complex?
Which of the following is NOT a stage of cellular respiration?
Which of the following is NOT a stage of cellular respiration?
Which vitamin is involved in the formation of Coenzyme A?
Which vitamin is involved in the formation of Coenzyme A?
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What type of reaction does the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyze?
What type of reaction does the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyze?
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Where does cellular respiration primarily occur in eukaryotic cells?
Where does cellular respiration primarily occur in eukaryotic cells?
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Which cofactor is key for redox reactions in the PDH complex?
Which cofactor is key for redox reactions in the PDH complex?
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What effect does phosphorylation have on PDH complex activity?
What effect does phosphorylation have on PDH complex activity?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the conversion of acetylCoA to CO2?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the conversion of acetylCoA to CO2?
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What condition results from inherited decreased activity of the PDH complex?
What condition results from inherited decreased activity of the PDH complex?
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Which compound serves as the ultimate electron acceptor in vivo?
Which compound serves as the ultimate electron acceptor in vivo?
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What characterizes the citric acid cycle as amphibolic?
What characterizes the citric acid cycle as amphibolic?
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Which vitamins are essential for energy metabolism?
Which vitamins are essential for energy metabolism?
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Which statement best describes anaplerotic reactions?
Which statement best describes anaplerotic reactions?
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Which of the following diseases is associated with a deficiency of Niacin (Vitamin B3)?
Which of the following diseases is associated with a deficiency of Niacin (Vitamin B3)?
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What is the role of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) in the decarboxylation of pyruvate?
What is the role of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) in the decarboxylation of pyruvate?
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Which enzyme is responsible for the decarboxylation step of pyruvate to acetaldehyde?
Which enzyme is responsible for the decarboxylation step of pyruvate to acetaldehyde?
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What is the structure of the PDH complex primarily composed of?
What is the structure of the PDH complex primarily composed of?
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What happens to the acetaldehyde after it is formed in the PDH complex?
What happens to the acetaldehyde after it is formed in the PDH complex?
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What molecular modification occurs to acetyl CoA during the reaction sequence?
What molecular modification occurs to acetyl CoA during the reaction sequence?
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Which component is directly involved in the oxidation of activated acetaldehyde?
Which component is directly involved in the oxidation of activated acetaldehyde?
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What is the significance of the swinging lipoyl arm of E2 in the PDH complex?
What is the significance of the swinging lipoyl arm of E2 in the PDH complex?
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What is used as an 'electron sink' during the decarboxylation of pyruvate?
What is used as an 'electron sink' during the decarboxylation of pyruvate?
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Which type of reaction is involved when acetaldehyde is transferred to the lipoyl moiety?
Which type of reaction is involved when acetaldehyde is transferred to the lipoyl moiety?
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What is the primary function of the PDH complex in cellular metabolism?
What is the primary function of the PDH complex in cellular metabolism?
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What occurs during the reoxidation of the reduced lipoyl group?
What occurs during the reoxidation of the reduced lipoyl group?
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What is the role of CoA-SH in the citric acid cycle?
What is the role of CoA-SH in the citric acid cycle?
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Which compound is formed when acetyl-CoA donates its acetyl group to oxaloacetate?
Which compound is formed when acetyl-CoA donates its acetyl group to oxaloacetate?
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How many ATP are produced for each NADH generated in the citric acid cycle?
How many ATP are produced for each NADH generated in the citric acid cycle?
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What type of reactions are considered anaplerotic?
What type of reactions are considered anaplerotic?
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What is the end product when fumarate is hydrated?
What is the end product when fumarate is hydrated?
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Which of the following statements about citrate is true?
Which of the following statements about citrate is true?
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What is the fate of succinate in the citric acid cycle?
What is the fate of succinate in the citric acid cycle?
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Which component is not an intermediate of the citric acid cycle?
Which component is not an intermediate of the citric acid cycle?
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What does the term amphibolic refer to in the context of the citric acid cycle?
What does the term amphibolic refer to in the context of the citric acid cycle?
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Which intermediate is produced during the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate?
Which intermediate is produced during the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate?
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What is the overall reaction for the citric acid cycle?
What is the overall reaction for the citric acid cycle?
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What is the final acceptor of electrons harvested from pyruvate?
What is the final acceptor of electrons harvested from pyruvate?
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Which component directly transfers energy stored in succinyl-CoA?
Which component directly transfers energy stored in succinyl-CoA?
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Study Notes
The Citric Acid Cycle
- A cyclical metabolic pathway that plays a crucial role in cellular respiration
- It's a key process for energy production and an important intermediary in various metabolic pathways
- The citric acid cycle is a central metabolic hub, converting acetyl CoA to CO2 with concomitant electron transfer
- Converging catabolism generates intermediates for energy or biosynthesis
- Diverging anabolism provides the starting materials for biosynthesis
Cellular Respiration and Energy Production
- Aerobic catabolism involving three key stages
- Stage 1: Organic fuels (e.g., glucose) are oxidized to acetyl CoA
- Stage 2: Acetyl CoA is oxidized to CO2 and reduces electron carriers (NADH and FADH2)
- Stage 3: Electron carriers are oxidized by O2, producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
Cellular Respiration in Mitochondria
- Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration
- The outer membrane is freely permeable to small molecules
- The inner membrane is impermeable and contains respiratory electron carriers, ATP synthase, and other transporters
- The matrix contains the enzymes for pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and fatty acid oxidation
Oxidation of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
- Catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH)
- An irreversible oxidative decarboxylation process
- Converts pyruvate (3 carbons) to acetyl CoA (2 carbons) and releases CO2
- The complex includes three enzymes and five cofactors (TPP, lipoic acid, NAD+, FAD, and CoA)
Coenzyme A and Acetyl CoA
- Coenzyme A (CoA) is a crucial component of acetyl CoA, a key intermediate in metabolism
- Acetyl CoA has a higher energy content than ATP
Lipoic Acid
- Lipoic acid is a key cofactor in the PDH complex
- It undergoes reversible redox reactions, facilitating the transfer of acetyl groups
Oxidation of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA (Further Details)
- A five-step process catalyzed by the PDH complex
- Involves the participation of enzymes E1, E2, and E3, and several cofactors
- The PDH complex can be regulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation
Oxidation of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA (Complex Structure)
- The PDH complex is a supramolecular complex with three distinct enzymes (E1, E2, and E3) arranged to facilitate efficient catalysis
- E2 includes a swinging lipoyl arm that transfers intermediates between the active sites of E1 and E3. The enzymes are mechanically coupled.
Step 1: Decarboxylation of Pyruvate
- Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) plays a crucial role in this decarboxylation step
Step 2: Oxidation of Activated Acetaldehyde to Acetate
- The acetaldehyde on TPP is transferred to the lipoyl group of the E2 enzyme
- Acetaldehyde is oxidized, and CoA is attached, forming acetyl CoA
Steps 3, 4: Reoxidation of Reduced Lipoyl Group; Electron Harvesting
- The reduced lipoyl group (from the E2 enzyme) is reoxidized by E3, generating reduced electron carriers (FADH2)
- FADH2 is then reoxidized, generating NADH (a key electron carrier in cellular respiration)
Citric Acid Cycle: Steps
- A series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions completing the oxidation of acetyl CoA
- Intermediates are critical in anabolic pathways and maintaining steady state
Citric Acid Cycle: Steps (Further Details)
- The cycle involves the generation of ATP, NADH, and FADH2 and forms a cycle
- Citrate is isomerized to isocitrate
- Isocitrate is oxidatively decarboxylated to α-ketoglutarate
- a-ketoglutarate is oxidatively decarboxylated to succinyl CoA
- Succinyl CoA is converted to succinate with GTP production
- Succinate is oxidized to fumarate
- Fumarate is hydrated to malate
- Malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate
Citric Acid Cycle: Summary
- The citric acid cycle is a central metabolic pathway, crucial for energy production and the formation of biosynthetic precursors.
- In this cycle, two-carbon acetyl CoA molecules are completely oxidized to CO2, generating reduced electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) and GTP (which can be converted to ATP).
- The cycle is also significant for the generation of intermediates used in other metabolic pathways.
Citric Acid Cycle: Regulation
- The regulation of the citric acid cycle occurs at the level of the various highly exothermic steps
Fate of Citrate
- Citrate has metabolic fates beyond energy generation.
- Citrate can be exported to the cytoplasm, providing reducing equivalents for biosynthetic processes.
Sources and Fate of Succinate
- Succinate arises from the citric acid cycle's operations and plays a role in various metabolic pathways,including heme synthesis.
Goals and Objectives
- Topics covered include cellular respiration, mitochondrial structure, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and metabolic regulation, including anaplerotic reactions.
Drugs and Diseases
- Several vitamins (e.g., thiamine, riboflavin, niacin) and lipoic acid are critical for the reactions in the citric acid cycle. Deficiencies can lead to diseases like Beri-Beri.
Anaplerotic Reactions
- These reactions replenish the citric acid cycle's intermediates, ensuring constant intermediate concentrations
Biological Tethers
- Lipoic acid, biotin, and CoA act to shuttle groups between enzymes during metabolic pathways, allowing for transfer of intermediates.
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Description
Explore the intricate processes of the citric acid cycle and cellular respiration. This quiz covers key stages of aerobic catabolism, mitochondrial function, and energy production mechanisms. Test your knowledge on how these metabolic pathways interconnect to sustain life.