The Circulatory System
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Questions and Answers

What two systems primarily compose the circulatory system?

  • Integumentary and skeletal systems
  • Nervous and respiratory systems
  • Digestive and endocrine systems
  • Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems (correct)

Which of the following best describes the primary function of arteries?

  • Returning blood to the heart
  • Facilitating gas exchange in tissues
  • Transporting blood away from the heart (correct)
  • Filtering waste products from the blood

What is the primary function of veins in the circulatory system?

  • Regulating blood pressure
  • Filtering waste products from the blood
  • Transporting oxygenated blood to tissues
  • Returning deoxygenated blood to the heart (correct)

Which of the following accurately describes the role of capillaries?

<p>Facilitating microcirculation within tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does gas exchange primarily occur in the pulmonary circulation?

<p>Lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of blood vessels is composed mainly of smooth muscle?

<p>Tunica media (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood is responsible for transporting oxygen?

<p>Erythrocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of leukocytes in blood?

<p>Defending against infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood component is primarily involved in blood clotting?

<p>Thrombocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the production of erythrocytes?

<p>Erythropoietin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence of events occurs during hemostasis after a vascular injury?

<p>Vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, coagulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of plasmin in blood clotting?

<p>Breaking down the blood clot (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the intrinsic pathway of coagulation, which factor is activated by endothelial injury in a blood vessel?

<p>Factor XII (Hageman factor) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Vitamin K in the context of blood coagulation?

<p>Required for prothrombin synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the ABO blood group system?

<p>It is based on the presence or absence of specific antigens on erythrocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type is considered the universal donor?

<p>Type O (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type is considered the universal recipient?

<p>Type AB (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an increased eosinophil count typically indicate?

<p>Allergic response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'leukocytosis' indicate?

<p>Increased white blood cell count (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of performing a reticulocyte count?

<p>Assess bone marrow function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of erythrocytes in pernicious anemia?

<p>Very large and nucleated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically assessed by measuring prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT)?

<p>Function of various factors in the coagulation process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of using plasma or colloid volume-expanding solutions in blood therapies?

<p>Maintain blood volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which epoetin alpha works?

<p>Stimulating erythrocyte production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common early sign of anemia?

<p>Fatigue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is diagnosed with anemia. Subsequent testing reveals they have microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells. Which type of anemia is most likely?

<p>Iron deficiency anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can impair iron absorption leading to iron deficiency anemia?

<p>Impaired duodenal absorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with fatigue, cold intolerance, and stomatitis. Blood tests reveal microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause?

<p>Iron deficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurological damage as an effect related to anemia is most commonly seen in which type?

<p>Pernicious anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental problem in pernicious anemia?

<p>Lack of vitamin B12 absorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic basis of sickle cell anemia?

<p>Autosomal recessive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of sickle-shaped cells on microcirculation?

<p>Obstruction of small blood vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the heterozygous condition for sickle cell anemia offer some protection against malaria?

<p>It causes red blood cells to be more resistant to parasitic invasion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that differentiates primary from secondary polycythemia?

<p>Serum erythropoietin levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary compensatory mechanism in secondary polycythemia?

<p>Increased oxygen transport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common sign or symptom of polycythemia?

<p>Headaches (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with frequent nosebleeds, easy bruising, and bleeding gums. Which of the following blood-clotting disorders is most likely?

<p>Von Willebrand disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary diagnostic test finding in Hemophilia A?

<p>Normal bleeding time with prolonged PTT (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary underlying mechanism in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

<p>Simultaneous excessive clotting and bleeding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes disorders involving inadequate production of cells by the bone marrow?

<p>Myelodysplastic syndromes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes acute leukemias (ALL and AML)?

<p>High proportion of immature nonfunctional cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group does Acute Lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) primarily affect?

<p>Young children (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is often the first sign of acute leukemia?

<p>Frequent infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Arteries

Arteries transport blood away from the heart.

Veins

Veins return blood back to the heart.

Capillaries

Small blood vessels where microcirculation occurs within tissues.

Systemic circulation

Exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes in tissues.

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Pulmonary circulation

Gas exchange in the lungs.

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Tunica Intima

The innermost layer of a blood vessel, consisting of endothelium.

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Tunica Media

Middle layer of blood vessel, mostly smooth muscle.

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Tunica Adventitia

The outermost connective tissue layer of a blood vessel.

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Function of Blood

Transports oxygen and nutrients to all tissues.

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Plasma

The liquid component of blood containing plasma proteins.

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Erythrocytes

Red blood cells that transport oxygen.

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Leukocytes

White blood cells involved in immune defenses.

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Thrombocytes

Cellular fragments (platelets) that contribute to blood clotting.

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Hematopoiesis

Process of blood cell formation.

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Erythropoietin

Hormone produced in the kidney which stimulates erythrocyte production.

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Heme group

The iron-containing component of hemoglobin that binds oxygen.

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Hemostasis

A multi-step process to stop bleeding, involving vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.

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What are the three steps of hemostasis?

The three steps are: Vasoconstriction, platelet clot, coagulation

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What is ABO system blood typing based on?

ABO system is based on presence/absence of specific antigens

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Is the antigen D to determine Rh present or absent?

Antigen D is in plasma membrane

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Complete blood count

Includes total RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.

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Leukocytosis

Increased white blood cells.

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Leukopenia

Decreased white blood cells.

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Bleeding time

Measures platelet function.

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Epoetin alpha

Artificial form of erythropoietin.

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Anemia

Reduction in oxygen transport due to hemoglobin deficit.

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Iron Deficiency Anemia

Microcytic, hypochromic RBCs due to insufficient iron, impairing hemoglobin synthesis.

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Pernicious Anemia

Deficiency of vitamin B12 due to lack of absorption because of lack of intrinsic factor.

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Aplastic Anemia

Impairment or failure of bone marrow, may be temporary or permanent.

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Hemolytic Anemia

Excessive destruction of RBCs due to genetic defects, immune reactions, or toxins.

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Sickle Cell Anemia

Abnormal hemoglobin leads to sickle-shaped cells. Genetic condition.

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Primary Polycythemia

Increased production of erythrocytes and other cells in the bone marrow

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Secondary Polycythemia

An increase in RBCs in response to prolonged hypoxia

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Petechiae

Pinpoint, flat, red spots on skin and mucous membrane.

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Classic Hemophilia

A deficit or abnormality of factor VIII

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Bleeding and PT normal

Diagnostic test for hemophilia

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Von Willebrand Disease

Most common hereditary clotting disorder

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DIC

Involves both excessive bleeding and clotting. Thrombi and infarcts occur

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Thrombophilia

A group of inherited or acquired disorders. Risk of abnormal clots in veins or arteries

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What is Leukemia?

A group of neoplastic disorders involving white blood cells

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