How Genes Work

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Questions and Answers

What is the process of translating the information in DNA into functioning molecules within the cell?

  • Translation (correct)
  • Mutation
  • Transcription
  • Replication

What is the enzyme responsible for transcribing DNA to messenger RNA?

  • Ligase
  • DNA polymerase
  • Helicase
  • RNA polymerase (correct)

What specifies each amino acid in a protein?

  • A group of two bases in messenger RNA
  • A group of four bases in messenger RNA
  • A group of five bases in messenger RNA
  • A group of three bases in messenger RNA (correct)

What are mutations?

<p>Random changes in DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?

<p>Francis Crick (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology propose about DNA and genes?

<p>Different combinations of bases in DNA specify the 20 amino acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of RNA polymerase?

<p>Transcribing DNA to RNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of converting messenger RNA to proteins by ribosomes?

<p>Translation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did early geneticists, including Mendel, Watson, and Crick, illuminate?

<p>The structure of DNA and genes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the information storage molecule according to the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?

<p>DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a gene contain the information to specify?

<p>The amino acid sequence of one protein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of converting the information in DNA into functioning molecules within the cell called?

<p>Gene expression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of RNA in the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?

<p>Acting as a link between genes in the nucleus and protein manufacturing centers in the cytoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in the Central Dogma?

<p>Carrying information from DNA to protein synthesis sites (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the flow of information as stated by the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?

<p>DNA -&gt; RNA -&gt; Proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of copying DNA information to RNA called?

<p>Transcription (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of translation in the context of the Central Dogma?

<p>Converting mRNA to proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic code's relationship to DNA/RNA bases and amino acids?

<p>It specifies the relationship between DNA/RNA bases and amino acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the genetic code structured in terms of codons?

<p>It uses a triplet code, where each word contains three bases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the genetic code in terms of redundancy?

<p>The triplet code is redundant, with some amino acids specified by multiple codons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did researchers decipher the genetic code?

<p>By synthesizing specific codons and deciphering their amino acid meanings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the properties of the genetic code?

<p>Redundancy, unambiguity, universality, and conservatism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the varying effects of mutations as mentioned in the text?

<p>Point mutations (single base changes) or chromosome-level mutations, with varying effects on organisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology and Genetic Code

  • RNA acts as a link between genes in the nucleus and protein manufacturing centers in the cytoplasm
  • Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries information from DNA to protein synthesis sites
  • The Central Dogma states the flow of information in cells: DNA -> RNA -> Proteins
  • Transcription is the process of copying DNA information to RNA, while translation converts mRNA to proteins
  • Alleles of the same gene often produce proteins with different amino acid sequences
  • Some genes code for non-messenger RNA molecules that do not translate into proteins
  • The genetic code specifies the relationship between DNA/RNA bases and amino acids
  • The genetic code uses a triplet code, where each word contains three bases
  • The triplet code is redundant, with some amino acids specified by multiple codons
  • Researchers cracked the genetic code by synthesizing specific codons and deciphering their amino acid meanings
  • The genetic code has properties: redundancy, unambiguity, universality, and conservatism
  • Mutations can be point mutations (single base changes) or chromosome-level mutations, with varying effects on organisms

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