The Central Dogma and Basics of DNA
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Questions and Answers

Which biomolecule forms the inherited genetic material inside our cells?

  • DNA (correct)
  • Lipid
  • Protein
  • Carbohydrate

    • Which of the following codes for proteins and determines our physical traits?

  • RNA
  • Nucleotides
  • Chromosomes
  • Genes (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a type of nitrogenous base in DNA?

  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
  • Adenine
  • Uracil (correct)

    • Which of the following is a single-ring nitrogenous base in DNA?

    <p>Cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a double-ring nitrogenous base in DNA?

    <p>Adenine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does A always pair with T and G always pair with C in DNA?

    <p>To maximize efficiency of base-pairing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Chargaff's rule, what must be equal in DNA?

    <p>Number of purines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it necessary for the number of purines to equal the number of pyrimidines in DNA?

    <p>To maintain the DNA double helix structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forces are needed to stabilize the DNA double helix?

    <p>H-bonds between complementary base pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many base pairs are there in one complete turn of the DNA double helix?

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following RNA molecules can promote the destruction of an mRNA transcript?

    <p>miRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following proteins can bind to mRNA and prevent its degradation?

    <p>Transferrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cellular location are proteins needed for intracellular cytosolic use translated?

    <p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the co-translational transfer of proteins to the rough ER?

    <p>Translocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a protein with a stop transfer sequence comes into contact with the translocator?

    <p>Translation is paused</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is involved in directing proteins to the rough ER for translation?

    <p>SRP receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cellular locations requires proteins to be directed to the rough ER for translation?

    <p>Cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the signal peptide sequence once the protein reaches the RER?

    <p>It is removed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of amino acids are present in the stop transfer sequence?

    <p>Non-polar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What binds to the signal peptide sequence during the co-translational transfer of proteins?

    <p>Signal recognition sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a way in which a cell can regulate the amount of a particular protein available?

    <p>The location of the protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of histone modifications in transcription regulation?

    <p>Carry out histone modification such as methylation, acetylation, or phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a way in which histone acetylation affects chromatin structure?

    <p>Increases transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a way in which histones and DNA can be modified?

    <p>Transcriptional activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a result of DNA methylation?

    <p>Transcriptional activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the amount of protein made via translation?

    <p>The location of the protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a correct statement about chromatin remodeling complexes?

    <p>They can reposition nucleosomes on DNA to expose or obscure gene regulatory elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a correct statement about histone acetyltransferases (HAT)?

    <p>They tend to open chromatin and increase transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a correct statement about mRNA stability?

    <p>The shorter an mRNA lasts in the cytosol, the more protein will be made via translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a correct statement about the regulation of protein synthesis?

    <p>Regulation can occur at the level of transcription and translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key difference between RNA and DNA?

    <p>RNA contains uracil instead of thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA serves as a template for protein translation?

    <p>mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of small nuclear RNA (snRNA)?

    <p>Functions in the spliceosome to remove introns from pre-mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

    <p>Needed for the basic structure of ribosome complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA is transcribed from DNA but does not get translated into proteins?

    <p>Non-coding RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of non-coding RNA?

    <p>Serve as enzymatic, structural, and regulatory components of a wide variety of processes in the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the RNA transcript that is initially transcribed from DNA?

    <p>Pre-mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the mature RNA transcript after it undergoes processing?

    <p>mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is involved in the catalysis of the peptide bond between amino acids?

    <p>rRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following RNA molecules directly codes for proteins?

    <p>mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following RNA molecules is involved in translation to carry the correct amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain?

    <p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the tRNA is particularly important for protein translation and pairs with the complementary codon in an mRNA molecule?

    <p>Anticodon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hypothesis explains the redundancy of the genetic code and the ability of some tRNA molecules to base-pair with more than one codon?

    <p>Wobble Hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA molecule regulates gene expression by blocking/preventing translation of specific mRNAs and promoting their degradation?

    <p>siRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA molecule is an important constituent of ribosomes and catalyzes protein synthesis?

    <p>rRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA molecule can increase or decrease transcription and is involved in X-chromosome inactivation?

    <p>lncRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which RNA molecules are involved in gene regulation?

    <p>snRNA, lncRNA, miRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA molecule is an adaptor between mRNA and amino acids in translation?

    <p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA molecule is involved in post-transcriptional silencing and can block translation of specific mRNAs?

    <p>miRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which RNA molecule is involved in splicing of pre-mRNA?

    <p>snRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a correct statement about protein synthesis in eukaryotes?

    <p>Multiple initiations take place on each mRNA molecule being translated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Shine Dalgnaro sequence in protein synthesis?

    <p>To bind the small ribosomal subunit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the mRNA molecule during translation?

    <p>It is scanned by the small ribosomal subunit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of protein folding in eukaryotes?

    <p>It dictates the function of the protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical application of understanding protein synthesis?

    <p>Development of antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of polyribosomes in protein synthesis?

    <p>To increase the rate of protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA helix during transcription?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the TATA box in transcription initiation?

    <p>It helps RNA polymerase recognize the start site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of RNA polymerase during transcription?

    <p>It synthesizes RNA from a DNA template</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the elongation stage of transcription?

    <p>RNA polymerase synthesizes a new RNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of DNA topoisomerase during transcription?

    <p>To remove supercoils generated by RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What modifications occur during the processing stage of transcription in eukaryotes?

    <p>Splicing, capping the 5' end, and polyadenylation of the 3' end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the first codon translated on the mRNA?

    <p>A) AUG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the order of translation initiation in eukaryotes?

    <p>A) Small ribosomal subunit binds to the 5’ cap and scans the mRNA until it reaches AUG, then Met-tRNAi binds to the P site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of peptidyl transferase enzyme in translation?

    <p>B) It catalyzes the addition of a water molecule to release the polypeptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the process of elongation in translation?

    <p>C) Large ribosomal subunit moves relative to the mRNA held by the small subunit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct order of translation steps?

    <p>A) Initiation, Elongation, Termination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the end of translation?

    <p>A) UAA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During transcription, which of the following proteins bind the TATA box within the promoter region?

    <p>TFIID</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are CORRECT regarding RNA processing?

    <p>A modified G nucleotide forms the 3’ cap, which protects the 3’ end from degradation and facilitate export out of the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might happen if a nucleotide was accidentally inserted into the middle of a gene?

    <p>The inserted nucleotide will cause a frameshift mutation and alter the reading frame of the gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the 5’ cap added to the mRNA during transcription?

    <p>It is involved in translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Poly A tail added to the mRNA during processing?

    <p>It protects the 3’ end of the mRNA from degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of spliceosomes in RNA processing?

    <p>To remove introns from the pre-mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a role of RNA Polymerase in transcription?

    <p>Processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a correct statement about hnRNA?

    <p>It is a precursor to mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct order of the steps of translation?

    <p>Initiation, Elongation, Termination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the function of tRNA in translation?

    <p>It carries amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct order of the steps of transcription?

    <p>Initiation, Elongation, Processing, Termination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a correct statement about the genetic code?

    <p>The genetic code is universal across all organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct order of translation initiation in prokaryotes?

    <p>Small ribosomal subunit binds to the Shine Dalgnaro sequence, Met-tRNAi bind to the small ribosomal subunit, and then the small ribosomal subunit scans the mRNA until it reaches AUG.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the mRNA molecule during translation?

    <p>It is translated into a protein by the ribosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Poly A tail added to the mRNA during processing?

    <p>It helps stabilize the mRNA molecule and protect it from degradation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Shine Dalgnaro sequence in protein synthesis?

    <p>It is the binding site for the small ribosomal subunit during translation initiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

    <p>It forms the structural and catalytic core of the ribosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical application of understanding protein synthesis?

    <p>Many antibiotics function by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the RNA transcript that is initially transcribed from DNA?

    <p>hnRNA (heterogeneous nuclear RNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of RNA polymerase during transcription?

    <p>It catalyzes the synthesis of RNA using the DNA template.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the 5’ cap added to the mRNA during transcription?

    <p>It helps stabilize the mRNA molecule and protect it from degradation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the process of translation in protein synthesis?

    <p>The small ribosomal subunit binds to the Shine Dalgnaro sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Shine Dalgnaro sequence in protein synthesis?

    <p>To bind the small ribosomal subunit to the mRNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about polysomes in protein synthesis?

    <p>Polysomes are formed by multiple initiation events on each mRNA molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a ribosome complex once it has translated enough of the nucleotide sequence?

    <p>It dissociates from the mRNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is proper folding of a protein important?

    <p>Proper folding determines the function of the protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible modification that can occur to a protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

    <p>Glycosylation - addition of mono- or oligosaccharide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a clinical application of understanding protein synthesis?

    <p>Development of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the genetic code?

    <p>The genetic code is universal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the 5' cap added to the mRNA during transcription?

    <p>To protect the mRNA from degradation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of nitrogenous base in DNA?

    <p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

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