99 Questions
Which biomolecule forms the inherited genetic material inside our cells?
DNA
Which of the following codes for proteins and determines our physical traits?
Genes
Which of the following is NOT a type of nitrogenous base in DNA?
Uracil
Which of the following is a single-ring nitrogenous base in DNA?
Cytosine
Which of the following is a double-ring nitrogenous base in DNA?
Adenine
Why does A always pair with T and G always pair with C in DNA?
To maximize efficiency of base-pairing
According to Chargaff's rule, what must be equal in DNA?
Number of purines
Why is it necessary for the number of purines to equal the number of pyrimidines in DNA?
To maintain the DNA double helix structure
What forces are needed to stabilize the DNA double helix?
H-bonds between complementary base pairs
How many base pairs are there in one complete turn of the DNA double helix?
10
Which of the following RNA molecules can promote the destruction of an mRNA transcript?
miRNA
Which of the following proteins can bind to mRNA and prevent its degradation?
Transferrin
In which cellular location are proteins needed for intracellular cytosolic use translated?
Cytosol
Which process involves the co-translational transfer of proteins to the rough ER?
Translocation
What happens when a protein with a stop transfer sequence comes into contact with the translocator?
Translation is paused
Which of the following is involved in directing proteins to the rough ER for translation?
SRP receptor
Which of the following cellular locations requires proteins to be directed to the rough ER for translation?
Cell membrane
What happens to the signal peptide sequence once the protein reaches the RER?
It is removed
What type of amino acids are present in the stop transfer sequence?
Non-polar
What binds to the signal peptide sequence during the co-translational transfer of proteins?
Signal recognition sequence
Which of the following is NOT a way in which a cell can regulate the amount of a particular protein available?
The location of the protein
Which of the following is NOT a function of histone modifications in transcription regulation?
Carry out histone modification such as methylation, acetylation, or phosphorylation
Which of the following is a way in which histone acetylation affects chromatin structure?
Increases transcription
Which of the following is NOT a way in which histones and DNA can be modified?
Transcriptional activation
Which of the following is NOT a result of DNA methylation?
Transcriptional activation
Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the amount of protein made via translation?
The location of the protein
Which of the following is a correct statement about chromatin remodeling complexes?
They can reposition nucleosomes on DNA to expose or obscure gene regulatory elements
Which of the following is a correct statement about histone acetyltransferases (HAT)?
They tend to open chromatin and increase transcription
Which of the following is a correct statement about mRNA stability?
The shorter an mRNA lasts in the cytosol, the more protein will be made via translation
Which of the following is a correct statement about the regulation of protein synthesis?
Regulation can occur at the level of transcription and translation
Which of the following is a key difference between RNA and DNA?
RNA contains uracil instead of thymine
Which type of RNA serves as a template for protein translation?
mRNA
What is the function of small nuclear RNA (snRNA)?
Functions in the spliceosome to remove introns from pre-mRNA
What is the function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
Needed for the basic structure of ribosome complex
Which type of RNA is transcribed from DNA but does not get translated into proteins?
Non-coding RNA
What is the function of non-coding RNA?
Serve as enzymatic, structural, and regulatory components of a wide variety of processes in the cell
What is the term for the RNA transcript that is initially transcribed from DNA?
Pre-mRNA
What is the term for the mature RNA transcript after it undergoes processing?
mRNA
Which of the following is involved in the catalysis of the peptide bond between amino acids?
rRNA
Which of the following RNA molecules directly codes for proteins?
mRNA
Which of the following RNA molecules is involved in translation to carry the correct amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain?
tRNA
Which region of the tRNA is particularly important for protein translation and pairs with the complementary codon in an mRNA molecule?
Anticodon
Which hypothesis explains the redundancy of the genetic code and the ability of some tRNA molecules to base-pair with more than one codon?
Wobble Hypothesis
Which type of RNA molecule regulates gene expression by blocking/preventing translation of specific mRNAs and promoting their degradation?
siRNA
Which type of RNA molecule is an important constituent of ribosomes and catalyzes protein synthesis?
rRNA
Which type of RNA molecule can increase or decrease transcription and is involved in X-chromosome inactivation?
lncRNA
Which RNA molecules are involved in gene regulation?
snRNA, lncRNA, miRNA
Which type of RNA molecule is an adaptor between mRNA and amino acids in translation?
tRNA
Which type of RNA molecule is involved in post-transcriptional silencing and can block translation of specific mRNAs?
miRNA
Which RNA molecule is involved in splicing of pre-mRNA?
snRNA
Which of the following is a correct statement about protein synthesis in eukaryotes?
Multiple initiations take place on each mRNA molecule being translated
What is the function of the Shine Dalgnaro sequence in protein synthesis?
To bind the small ribosomal subunit
What happens to the mRNA molecule during translation?
It is scanned by the small ribosomal subunit
What is the significance of protein folding in eukaryotes?
It dictates the function of the protein
Which of the following is a clinical application of understanding protein synthesis?
Development of antibiotics
What is the function of polyribosomes in protein synthesis?
To increase the rate of protein synthesis
Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA helix during transcription?
Helicase
What is the role of the TATA box in transcription initiation?
It helps RNA polymerase recognize the start site
What is the function of RNA polymerase during transcription?
It synthesizes RNA from a DNA template
What happens during the elongation stage of transcription?
RNA polymerase synthesizes a new RNA strand
What is the purpose of DNA topoisomerase during transcription?
To remove supercoils generated by RNA polymerase
What modifications occur during the processing stage of transcription in eukaryotes?
Splicing, capping the 5' end, and polyadenylation of the 3' end
Which of the following is the first codon translated on the mRNA?
A) AUG
Which of the following correctly describes the order of translation initiation in eukaryotes?
A) Small ribosomal subunit binds to the 5’ cap and scans the mRNA until it reaches AUG, then Met-tRNAi binds to the P site
What is the function of peptidyl transferase enzyme in translation?
B) It catalyzes the addition of a water molecule to release the polypeptide
Which of the following correctly describes the process of elongation in translation?
C) Large ribosomal subunit moves relative to the mRNA held by the small subunit
Which of the following is the correct order of translation steps?
A) Initiation, Elongation, Termination
What marks the end of translation?
A) UAA
During transcription, which of the following proteins bind the TATA box within the promoter region?
TFIID
Which of the following are CORRECT regarding RNA processing?
A modified G nucleotide forms the 3’ cap, which protects the 3’ end from degradation and facilitate export out of the nucleus
What might happen if a nucleotide was accidentally inserted into the middle of a gene?
The inserted nucleotide will cause a frameshift mutation and alter the reading frame of the gene
What is the function of the 5’ cap added to the mRNA during transcription?
It is involved in translation
What is the function of the Poly A tail added to the mRNA during processing?
It protects the 3’ end of the mRNA from degradation
What is the role of spliceosomes in RNA processing?
To remove introns from the pre-mRNA
Which of the following is NOT a role of RNA Polymerase in transcription?
Processing
Which of the following is a correct statement about hnRNA?
It is a precursor to mRNA
Which of the following is the correct order of the steps of translation?
Initiation, Elongation, Termination
Which of the following is the function of tRNA in translation?
It carries amino acids to the ribosome
Which of the following is the correct order of the steps of transcription?
Initiation, Elongation, Processing, Termination
Which of the following is a correct statement about the genetic code?
The genetic code is universal across all organisms
Which of the following is the correct order of translation initiation in prokaryotes?
Small ribosomal subunit binds to the Shine Dalgnaro sequence, Met-tRNAi bind to the small ribosomal subunit, and then the small ribosomal subunit scans the mRNA until it reaches AUG.
What happens to the mRNA molecule during translation?
It is translated into a protein by the ribosome.
What is the function of the Poly A tail added to the mRNA during processing?
It helps stabilize the mRNA molecule and protect it from degradation.
What is the function of the Shine Dalgnaro sequence in protein synthesis?
It is the binding site for the small ribosomal subunit during translation initiation.
What is the function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
It forms the structural and catalytic core of the ribosome.
Which of the following is a clinical application of understanding protein synthesis?
Many antibiotics function by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis.
What is the term for the RNA transcript that is initially transcribed from DNA?
hnRNA (heterogeneous nuclear RNA)
What is the function of RNA polymerase during transcription?
It catalyzes the synthesis of RNA using the DNA template.
What is the function of the 5’ cap added to the mRNA during transcription?
It helps stabilize the mRNA molecule and protect it from degradation.
Which of the following is true about the process of translation in protein synthesis?
The small ribosomal subunit binds to the Shine Dalgnaro sequence.
What is the purpose of the Shine Dalgnaro sequence in protein synthesis?
To bind the small ribosomal subunit to the mRNA.
Which of the following is true about polysomes in protein synthesis?
Polysomes are formed by multiple initiation events on each mRNA molecule.
What happens to a ribosome complex once it has translated enough of the nucleotide sequence?
It dissociates from the mRNA.
Why is proper folding of a protein important?
Proper folding determines the function of the protein.
What is a possible modification that can occur to a protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
Glycosylation - addition of mono- or oligosaccharide.
What is a clinical application of understanding protein synthesis?
Development of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
Which of the following is true about the genetic code?
The genetic code is universal.
What is the function of the 5' cap added to the mRNA during transcription?
To protect the mRNA from degradation.
Which of the following is NOT a type of nitrogenous base in DNA?
Uracil
Test your knowledge on the central dogma of molecular biology and the basics of DNA, RNA, transcription, and translation. Learn about the role of nucleic acids in genetic inheritance and protein synthesis.
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