Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of apoptosis in an organism's development?
What is the primary role of apoptosis in an organism's development?
- To promote excessive cell growth.
- To increase the number of immune cells.
- To eliminate unnecessary or damaged cells. (correct)
- To speed up the healing of external wounds.
Which situation is least likely to trigger cells to enter the M phase of the cell cycle?
Which situation is least likely to trigger cells to enter the M phase of the cell cycle?
- More cells are needed to defend the body.
- Cells need to decrease in number during development. (correct)
- A tissue needs repairing.
- Cells need to grow larger.
Which sequence correctly describes the order of events in the cell cycle before division?
Which sequence correctly describes the order of events in the cell cycle before division?
- Organelle replication happens after mitosis.
- Mitosis occurs, followed by organelle replication.
- Growth occurs simultaneously with DNA replication.
- DNA is replicated, then additional growth occurs. (correct)
What is the significance of internal and external factors in the cell cycle?
What is the significance of internal and external factors in the cell cycle?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of interphase?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of interphase?
What happens during the Gap 1 (G1) phase of the cell cycle?
What happens during the Gap 1 (G1) phase of the cell cycle?
Which checkpoint occurs before the synthesis (S) phase?
Which checkpoint occurs before the synthesis (S) phase?
What is the primary function of the S phase in the cell cycle?
What is the primary function of the S phase in the cell cycle?
In which phase of the cell cycle do cells undergo additional growth after DNA replication?
In which phase of the cell cycle do cells undergo additional growth after DNA replication?
What is the role of checkpoints during the cell cycle?
What is the role of checkpoints during the cell cycle?
Which phase directly follows the synthesis (S) phase in the cell cycle?
Which phase directly follows the synthesis (S) phase in the cell cycle?
During which phase of the cell cycle is the cell least likely to be actively dividing?
During which phase of the cell cycle is the cell least likely to be actively dividing?
What activity is primarily associated with the M phase of the cell cycle?
What activity is primarily associated with the M phase of the cell cycle?
What is the primary purpose of the G1 checkpoint in the cell cycle?
What is the primary purpose of the G1 checkpoint in the cell cycle?
What are the roles of cells during interphase?
What are the roles of cells during interphase?
Which stage of the cell cycle is immediately before mitosis?
Which stage of the cell cycle is immediately before mitosis?
What happens to a cell with damaged DNA at the G2 checkpoint?
What happens to a cell with damaged DNA at the G2 checkpoint?
Which of the following accurately describes the cell cycle phases leading up to division?
Which of the following accurately describes the cell cycle phases leading up to division?
Why was the cell cycle modified to include the DNA synthesis stage?
Why was the cell cycle modified to include the DNA synthesis stage?
What is the typical duration of the S, G2, and M stages in human cells?
What is the typical duration of the S, G2, and M stages in human cells?
What critical factor is evaluated at the G2 checkpoint?
What critical factor is evaluated at the G2 checkpoint?
Flashcards
Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle
A series of events that take place in a cell leading to its growth and division.
Interphase
Interphase
The longest phase of the cell cycle, where the cell grows and prepares for division.
G1 phase
G1 phase
Cell growth, function, and organelle replication
S phase
S phase
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G2 phase
G2 phase
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Mitosis
Mitosis
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G1 Checkpoint
G1 Checkpoint
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M Checkpoint
M Checkpoint
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What is the G2 checkpoint's role?
What is the G2 checkpoint's role?
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Why are G1 and G2 called 'gaps'?
Why are G1 and G2 called 'gaps'?
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What happens if DNA is damaged during G1?
What happens if DNA is damaged during G1?
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What is the S stage?
What is the S stage?
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How do cells divide at different rates?
How do cells divide at different rates?
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What are the M, G1, and G2 stages' timeline?
What are the M, G1, and G2 stages' timeline?
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Why is it important that DNA is copied before cell division?
Why is it important that DNA is copied before cell division?
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What do cells do in interphase?
What do cells do in interphase?
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Apoptosis's role in organism growth
Apoptosis's role in organism growth
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What triggers M phase entry?
What triggers M phase entry?
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Mitosis sequence
Mitosis sequence
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Why is the cell cycle regulated?
Why is the cell cycle regulated?
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What are models used for in cell cycle study?
What are models used for in cell cycle study?
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Study Notes
The Cell Cycle
- Cells come from pre-existing cells
- Single-celled organisms reproduce quickly
- Multicellular organisms start as a single cell that repeatedly divides
- Organisms reproduce asexually or sexually
- Asexual reproduction creates clones
- Sexual reproduction utilizes sperm and egg to form a zygote
- The zygote divides to create a multicellular organism
- Organisms are not all single-celled due to limitations in size and function
- Cells divide instead of growing larger to maintain a suitable size
Stages of the Cell Cycle
- The cell cycle is a repeating pattern of growth, DNA duplication, and cell division
- The cycle can be divided into stages
- Interphase: A resting phase of cell growth and activity
- Mitosis: The cell division phase
- Cytokinesis: The final step in cell division
Rates of Cell Division
- Cell division rates vary by cell type and organism need
- Embryos and children have faster cell cycles
- Cells in the digestive tract divide more frequently due to wear and tear
- Cells in stable tissues like the liver divide less often
- Cell division is linked to the body's need for specific cells
G Zero (Gâ‚€) Stage
- Not all cells need to divide regularly
- Cells that do not divide regularly enter a resting phase called Gâ‚€
- They continue normal functions, but do not prepare for cell division
- Some cells, like neurons, remain permanently in Gâ‚€
- Other cells enter Gâ‚€ temporarily until needed
Factors Affecting Cell Growth
- Cell size is a key factor
- A cell's surface area-to-volume ratio limits growth
- As cells grow larger, the surface area-to-volume ratio decreases
- A smaller ratio makes it harder for materials to move in and out of the cell
- Cells divide to maintain a suitable ratio and optimal function
Cell Size
- Typical animal cells are 10–20 micrometers in size
- Surface area-to-volume ratio is crucial for material transport
- Large surface area enables faster transport of materials
- Cells must divide to maintain an adequate surface area-to-volume ratio
Cell Regulation
- Internal and external factors regulate cell division
- Internal factors include molecules in the cytoplasm
- External factors come from other cells or tissues
- Examples of external signals include cell-to-cell contact and growth factors
- Kinases and cyclins are internal factors that help control the cell cycle
- Kinases are enzymes that transfer a phosphate group
- Cyclins are proteins involved in regulating cell cycle progression
Apoptosis
- Programmed cell death that is crucial for development and maintenance
- Apoptosis eliminates unwanted or damaged cells
- Immune system cells recognize and remove apoptotic cells
- Apoptosis is essential for morphogenesis and other biological processes
Cancer
- Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell division
- Cancer cells do not respond to growth-regulating factors
- Cancer cells divide more frequently than healthy cells
- Tumours form from disorganized clumps of cells
- Some tumours can be removed if still localized
Cell Theory
- All organisms are made of cells
- Cells arise from pre-existing cells
- Cells are the basic units of life
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Description
Test your knowledge on the cell cycle, including its stages and the processes of cell division. This quiz will cover key concepts such as interphase, mitosis, and how organisms reproduce. Dive into the fascinating world of cellular biology!
