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Questions and Answers
What key event occurs during metaphase?
What happens to spindle fibers during anaphase?
How does cytokinesis differ in plant cells compared to animal cells?
What occurs during telophase?
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What initiates the process of mitosis preparation?
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What is the main function of the cell cycle in plants?
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During which phase does DNA replication occur?
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What is the role of spindle fibers during mitosis?
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What happens to the genetic material during the G2 phase?
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What is the first stage of mitosis?
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In what phase does the cell primarily increase in size and synthesize organelles?
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What marks the end of the M phase in the cell cycle?
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What is the amount of DNA in the nucleus during the S phase?
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Study Notes
The Cell Cycle in Plants
- The cell cycle is a series of events that cells go through for growth and division, resulting in two identical daughter cells
- The cell cycle is crucial for plant growth, development, repair, and reproduction.
Types of Cells
- Somatic cells form organs & tissues
- Sex cells are gametes (sperm & egg)
Phases of the Cell Cycle
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Interphase (G1, S, G2): The preparatory stage for cell division.
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G1 Phase (Gap 1):
- Cell grows and prepares for DNA replication.
- Synthesizes organelles and proteins needed for DNA replication.
- Conducts a checkpoint to ensure readiness for DNA replication.
- Nucleus contains DNA equivalent to (2n).
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S Phase (Synthesis):
- DNA replication occurs.
- DNA remains loose in its chromatin state.
- Histone proteins are synthesized.
- Nucleus contains DNA equivalent to (4n).
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G2 Phase (Gap 2):
- Cell continues to grow and produce organelles and proteins needed for mitosis.
- Protein synthesis for spindle fibers formation takes place.
- DNA is checked for errors and repaired.
- Nucleus contains DNA equivalent to (4n).
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G1 Phase (Gap 1):
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M Phase (Mitotic Phase): The actual cell division stage.
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Mitosis (Nuclear division): Division of the cell nucleus (PMAT: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase)
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Prophase:
- Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, each with two sister chromatids.
- Nuclear envelope breaks down, releasing chromosomes into the cytoplasm.
- Spindle fibers form from spindle poles towards chromosomes.
- In plant cells, spindle fibers form from specific regions (no centrioles).
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Metaphase:
- Chromosomes align in the center of the cell - the metaphase plate (cell's equator).
- Each chromosome's centromere is attached to spindle fibers from opposite poles.
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Anaphase:
- Spindle fibers shorten, pulling sister chromatids apart to opposite poles.
- Each chromatid becomes a separate chromosome.
- Cell elongates as spindle fibers push poles apart.
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Telophase:
- Two new nuclear envelopes form around the separated chromosomes.
- Chromosomes de-condense back to chromatin.
- Spindle fibers break down.
- Two distinct nuclei form within the cell.
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Prophase:
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Cytokinesis (Cytoplasmic Division): Division of the cytoplasm.
- Animal Cells: A cleavage furrow forms in the center of the cell.
- Plant Cells: A cell plate forms in the center, growing outward and fusing with the cell wall.
- Each daughter cell is genetically identical to the original cell.
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Mitosis (Nuclear division): Division of the cell nucleus (PMAT: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase)
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Description
Explore the intricate processes of the cell cycle in plants, which is vital for their growth, repair, and reproduction. This quiz covers the various phases of the cell cycle, including interphase and its subphases, as well as the types of cells involved. Test your understanding of how somatic and sex cells contribute to plant development.
