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Questions and Answers
What happens to the nuclear envelope during prophase?
What happens to the nuclear envelope during prophase?
What structure becomes visible as threadlike formations during prophase?
What structure becomes visible as threadlike formations during prophase?
Which phase follows metaphase?
Which phase follows metaphase?
What results from the division of centromeres in metaphase?
What results from the division of centromeres in metaphase?
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Which process is initiated during late anaphase or early telophase?
Which process is initiated during late anaphase or early telophase?
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During which phase do chromosomes begin to uncoil?
During which phase do chromosomes begin to uncoil?
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What is the role of the contractile ring during cytokinesis?
What is the role of the contractile ring during cytokinesis?
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What structure is responsible for the movement of daughter chromosomes toward their respective poles?
What structure is responsible for the movement of daughter chromosomes toward their respective poles?
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Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by the actual division of the cell?
Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by the actual division of the cell?
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During which phase does DNA replication occur?
During which phase does DNA replication occur?
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What is the primary characteristic of the G0 phase?
What is the primary characteristic of the G0 phase?
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What structure binds to the centromere of chromosomes during cell division?
What structure binds to the centromere of chromosomes during cell division?
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What process is happening during the G2 phase of the cell cycle?
What process is happening during the G2 phase of the cell cycle?
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What crucial activities occur during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?
What crucial activities occur during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?
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Which stage of interphase includes the synthesis of transfer RNA and ribosomes?
Which stage of interphase includes the synthesis of transfer RNA and ribosomes?
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What occurs immediately after cytokinesis is completed?
What occurs immediately after cytokinesis is completed?
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Study Notes
The Cell Cycle
- The cell cycle includes the preparation and division of the cell.
- It is comprised of two major stages: Interphase and Mitosis.
- Interphase is when the cell is not dividing.
- Mitosis is when the cell is dividing.
Interphase
- It occurs after cytokinesis and before the beginning of the next mitotic division.
- It is comprised of the G1, S, and G2 phases.
- It also includes the G0 phase.
G1 (First Growth or Gap) Phase
- It is the early growth stage of the interphase.
- Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids needed for building the outer cell membrane are produced in this phase.
- It is the preparatory phase for DNA replication.
- tRNA, ribosomes, mRNA, and enzymes are also synthesized in this phase.
G0 phase
- It is a quiet phase where the cell can exit the cell cycle.
- The cell stays alive and maintains its specialized characteristics.
- The cell does not replicate its DNA or divide during this phase.
- The cell can either proceed to the S phase or remain in the G0 phase.
S (DNA Synthesis) Phase
- Growth continues, and DNA replication takes place during this phase.
- DNA replication creates a pair of identical sister chromatids.
Chromatid
- Each chromatid is attached to its sister at a constriction point called the centromere.
- Bounded to each centromere is a protein disk known as the kinetochore.
- The kinetochore serves as the attachment site for microtubules.
G2 (Second Growth or Gap) Phase
- Membranes under the plasma membrane are assembled and stored.
- Mitochondria and other organelles are replicated.
- Microtubules and protein, which compose the mitotic spindle fibers, are synthesized.
- Chromosomes condense, preparing for separation during mitosis.
- Spindle and aster proteins are also synthesized during this stage.
Interphase
- The nucleus contains chromatin fibers.
M (Mitotic) Phase
- Chromosomes are distributed between two daughter cells in this phase.
- The cytoplasm divides during cytokinesis in this phase.
Prophase
- Chromosomes become visible as threadlike structures.
- The nuclear envelope and nucleoli disintegrate.
- Two centriole pairs move apart and migrate to opposite poles of the cell by the end of this phase.
- Microtubules between the centrioles form a spindle of fibers that extend from pole to pole.
- The mitotic spindle is the collective term for centrioles, asters, and spindle fibers.
Prometaphase
- A second group of microtubules attach to the kinetochore of each chromatid at one end and to one of the poles of the cell at the other end.
Metaphase
- Chromatids start to align at the center of the cell.
- Centromeres divide, detaching the two sister chromatids from each other.
- These detached chromatids are called daughter chromosomes.
Anaphase
- Each daughter chromosome moves towards its respective pole due to the shortening of the microtubules in the spindle fiber and the activity of the kinetochore's motor proteins.
Telophase
- The mitotic spindle disassembles.
- The nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes.
- Nucleoli resynthesize.
- Chromosomes begin to uncoil.
- The cell begins to pinch in the middle.
Cytokinesis
- The cytoplasm divides, starting sometime during late anaphase or early telophase.
- A contracting belt of microfilaments known as the contractile ring pinches the plasma membrane to form the cleavage furrow.
- The furrow deepens until two new daughter cells, genetically identical to the parent cell, form.
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Description
This quiz covers the cell cycle, detailing the stages of interphase and mitosis. It explores the G1 phase of interphase, the importance of cellular components produced, and the G0 phase where the cell may exit the cycle. Test your understanding of these fundamental biological processes.
