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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
Where is the heart located in the body?
Where is the heart located in the body?
What is the outermost layer of the heart wall?
What is the outermost layer of the heart wall?
What is the purpose of the atrioventricular valves?
What is the purpose of the atrioventricular valves?
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What is the term for a heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute?
What is the term for a heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute?
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What is the sinoatrial node responsible for?
What is the sinoatrial node responsible for?
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What is the term for the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction?
What is the term for the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction?
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What is the purpose of the coronary circulation?
What is the purpose of the coronary circulation?
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What is the term for the movement of blood through the heart chambers?
What is the term for the movement of blood through the heart chambers?
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What is the result of damage to the atrioventricular node?
What is the result of damage to the atrioventricular node?
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What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?
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What is the normal cardiac output in a healthy individual?
What is the normal cardiac output in a healthy individual?
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Which of the following increases heart rate?
Which of the following increases heart rate?
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What is Starling's law of the heart?
What is Starling's law of the heart?
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What is the primary way to change cardiac output?
What is the primary way to change cardiac output?
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What is the purpose of Digitalis in Congestive Heart Failure?
What is the purpose of Digitalis in Congestive Heart Failure?
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What is the primary consequence of congestive heart failure?
What is the primary consequence of congestive heart failure?
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What is the main function of the vascular system?
What is the main function of the vascular system?
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What is the thickest layer of blood vessels?
What is the thickest layer of blood vessels?
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What is the primary mechanism by which veins move blood?
What is the primary mechanism by which veins move blood?
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What is the purpose of capillary beds?
What is the purpose of capillary beds?
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What is the term for the pressure wave of blood?
What is the term for the pressure wave of blood?
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What is the normal range of systolic blood pressure in humans?
What is the normal range of systolic blood pressure in humans?
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What is the term for high blood pressure?
What is the term for high blood pressure?
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What is the effect of heat on blood vessels?
What is the effect of heat on blood vessels?
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What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system in regulating blood pressure?
What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system in regulating blood pressure?
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Study Notes
The Cardiovascular System
- A closed system of the heart and blood vessels
- Function: deliver oxygen and nutrients, remove carbon dioxide and waste products
The Heart
- Location: thorax between the lungs, pointed apex directed toward left hip
- Size: about the size of a fist, less than 1 lb
- Coverings: pericardium (double serous membrane) with visceral and parietal layers, and serous fluid fills the space between layers
- Wall structure: epicardium (outside), myocardium (middle), and endocardium (inner) with endothelium
Heart Chambers
- Right and left sides act as separate pumps
- Four chambers: atria (receiving) and ventricles (discharging)
Valves
- Allow blood to flow in one direction only
- Four valves: atrioventricular (between atria and ventricles), and semilunar (between ventricles and arteries)
- Valves open and close with blood flow, held in place by chordae tendineae
Blood Circulation
- Heart pumps blood through the circulatory system
- Associated great vessels: aorta, pulmonary arteries, vena cava, and pulmonary veins
Coronary Circulation
- Heart has its own nourishing circulatory system
- Coronary arteries and cardiac veins supply blood to the myocardium
Cardiac Pathology
- Rapid heart beat (tachycardia) can lead to inadequate blood supply and angina pectoris
- Cardiac damage can lead to arrhythmias and heart failure
Conduction System
- Intrinsic conduction system sets the heart rate
- Special tissue: sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers
Heart Contractions
- Heart muscle cells contract without nerve impulses in a regular, continuous way
- Systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) phases of the cardiac cycle
Cardiac Output
- Cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute
- CO = heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV)
- Normal CO: 5000 ml/min
Regulation of Heart Rate
- Changing heart rate is the most common way to change cardiac output
- Increased heart rate: sympathetic nervous system, hormones, exercise, and decreased blood volume
- Decreased heart rate: parasympathetic nervous system, high blood pressure or volume, and decreased venous return
Blood Vessels
- The vascular system: arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
- Three layers: tunic intima, tunic media, and tunic externa
Capillary Beds
- Consist of two types of vessels: vascular shunt and true capillaries
- Exchange vessels for oxygen and nutrients, and carbon dioxide and waste products
Vital Signs
- Arterial pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and body temperature indicate the efficiency of the system
Pulse
- Pressure wave of blood
- Monitored at pressure points where the pulse is easily palpated
Blood Pressure
- Measurements by health professionals are made on the pressure in large arteries
- Systolic and diastolic pressures
- Pressure decreases as the distance from the heart increases
Blood Pressure Regulation
- Neural factors: autonomic nervous system adjustments
- Renal factors: regulation by altering blood volume and renin hormone control
- Temperature, chemicals, and diet also affect blood pressure
Variations in Blood Pressure
- Normal range: variable, but typically 140-110 mm Hg systolic and 80-75 mm Hg diastolic
- Hypotension: low systolic pressure (below 110 mm Hg)
- Hypertension: high systolic pressure (above 140 mm Hg)
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Description
Learn about the cardiovascular system, including the heart and blood vessels, and their functions in delivering oxygen and nutrients to the body. Get to know the location and structure of the heart.
