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Questions and Answers
What percentage of the body's energy does the brain consume?
What percentage of the body's energy does the brain consume?
The longitudinal fissure divides the brain into the cerebellum and the brainstem.
The longitudinal fissure divides the brain into the cerebellum and the brainstem.
False
What is the outermost surface layer of the cerebrum called?
What is the outermost surface layer of the cerebrum called?
Cerebral Cortex
The brain has approximately __________ billion neurons.
The brain has approximately __________ billion neurons.
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Match the part of the brain with its description:
Match the part of the brain with its description:
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Which area of the brain is primarily involved in planning, reasoning, and problem-solving?
Which area of the brain is primarily involved in planning, reasoning, and problem-solving?
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The cerebellum is only responsible for basic motor functions such as heartbeat and respiration.
The cerebellum is only responsible for basic motor functions such as heartbeat and respiration.
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What is the term for the mapping of different parts of the motor and sensory cortex to different parts of the body?
What is the term for the mapping of different parts of the motor and sensory cortex to different parts of the body?
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The _____ is known as the 'little brain' and helps with coordination and balance.
The _____ is known as the 'little brain' and helps with coordination and balance.
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Match the following brain functions to their corresponding brain areas:
Match the following brain functions to their corresponding brain areas:
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What does the primary motor cortex activity lead to?
What does the primary motor cortex activity lead to?
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Feedback control of movement involves comparing planned actions with the actual actions performed.
Feedback control of movement involves comparing planned actions with the actual actions performed.
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What is the concept of movements being planned and programmed in the brain referred to?
What is the concept of movements being planned and programmed in the brain referred to?
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Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for executive functions such as reasoning and planning?
Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for executive functions such as reasoning and planning?
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The amygdala is primarily responsible for language comprehension.
The amygdala is primarily responsible for language comprehension.
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What is the primary function of the primary somatosensory cortex?
What is the primary function of the primary somatosensory cortex?
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The structure connecting the left and right hemispheres of the brain is called the ______.
The structure connecting the left and right hemispheres of the brain is called the ______.
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Match the brain structures with their corresponding function:
Match the brain structures with their corresponding function:
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Which function is NOT associated with the parietal lobe?
Which function is NOT associated with the parietal lobe?
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The temporal lobe is involved in processing visual information.
The temporal lobe is involved in processing visual information.
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What is the role of the amygdala in the limbic system?
What is the role of the amygdala in the limbic system?
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What was the primary impact of Phineas Gage's accident?
What was the primary impact of Phineas Gage's accident?
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Broca’s area is associated with language comprehension.
Broca’s area is associated with language comprehension.
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What type of speech is characteristic of Broca’s aphasia?
What type of speech is characteristic of Broca’s aphasia?
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Phineas Gage had an iron rod that measured approximately ______ in length.
Phineas Gage had an iron rod that measured approximately ______ in length.
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Match the following areas of the brain with their respective functions:
Match the following areas of the brain with their respective functions:
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What effect does Wernicke’s aphasia have on a person's speech?
What effect does Wernicke’s aphasia have on a person's speech?
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John Harlow was Gage's physician who documented his psychological changes.
John Harlow was Gage's physician who documented his psychological changes.
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Which part of the brain was primarily damaged in Phineas Gage's accident?
Which part of the brain was primarily damaged in Phineas Gage's accident?
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What does the primary sensory cortex primarily deal with?
What does the primary sensory cortex primarily deal with?
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The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for ‘rest and digest’ functions.
The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for ‘rest and digest’ functions.
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What is the function of the medulla in the brainstem?
What is the function of the medulla in the brainstem?
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The ___ nervous system is responsible for voluntary muscle movements.
The ___ nervous system is responsible for voluntary muscle movements.
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Match the following disorders of consciousness with their descriptions:
Match the following disorders of consciousness with their descriptions:
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In 'locked-in' syndrome, which part of the brain remains intact?
In 'locked-in' syndrome, which part of the brain remains intact?
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Patients in a persistent vegetative state exhibit conscious awareness.
Patients in a persistent vegetative state exhibit conscious awareness.
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Which nervous system division is responsible for emotional arousal and stress responses?
Which nervous system division is responsible for emotional arousal and stress responses?
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The autonomic nervous system includes two divisions: sympathetic and ___ nervous system.
The autonomic nervous system includes two divisions: sympathetic and ___ nervous system.
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What role does brain stimulation play in understanding brain functions?
What role does brain stimulation play in understanding brain functions?
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Study Notes
The Brain - Intro
- Functional MRI can be used to detect brain activity and allow some communication.
- Brain works at various levels of complexity from low to high.
Brain Functions
- Cerebellum is involved in balance, coordination of complex movements, and motor learning.
- Primary motor cortex activates muscle contractions which results in movement.
- Primary sensory cortex is responsible for sensory experiences.
- Different parts of the motor and sensory cortex are associated with specific parts of the body.
- Motor programs for movement are planned and programmed in the brain before initiation.
- Movements are planned and executed through a complex process of feedback control.
Cerebrum
- The brain consists of three main parts: Cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem.
- Cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres.
- Cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the cerebrum and is responsible for higher brain functions.
- Cerebral cortex is highly folded to maximize surface area with grey matter containing cell bodies of neurons, and white matter containing axons of neurons connecting to the spinal cord and other areas of the cortex.
Frontal Lobe
- Frontal lobe is responsible for executive functions such as planning, reasoning, problem-solving, and inhibitory control.
- Responsible for motor functions, such as planning movement in premotor cortex and executing movement in primary motor cortex.
- Contains Broca's area responsible for speech production.
Parietal Lobe
- Parietal lobe is responsible for perceiving touch in the primary somatosensory cortex.
- It processes information about space and location around the body.
- Involved in directing attention to different parts of the visual world.
- Responsible for linking visual information to action.
Occipital Lobe
- Located at the posterior part of the brain.
- Primary visual cortex (V1) in the occipital lobe processes all visual perception.
- Higher visual areas in the occipital lobe process shape, color, orientation and motion.
Temporal Lobe
- Temporal lobe contains the primary auditory cortex responsible for processing sound.
- Temporal lobe is responsible for language comprehension (Wernicke's area) and contains structures related to memory, emotion and learning.
- Medial Temporal Lobe interacts with the limbic system.
Limbic System
- Amygdala is responsible for fear and arousal and plays a role in fear learning.
- Hippocampus is responsible for learning and memory formation.
Corpus Callosum
- Corpus Callosum is a structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain, allowing communication between them.
- Split-brain patients, where the corpus callosum is severed, have difficulty communicating between the two hemispheres of the brain.
History of Brain Research
- By 1957, early studies focused on understanding brain functions before the invention of MRI.
Phineas Gage
- Phineas Gage, a railway worker, suffered a severe brain injury in 1848 when an iron rod pierced his frontal lobes.
- This injury significantly altered Gage's personality, highlighting the role of the frontal lobe in executive control of behavior.
Broca's Area
- In 1861, Paul Broca observed a patient who was unable to speak following frontal lobe damage, known as Broca's area, This condition is now known as Broca's aphasia.
- Broca’s aphasia is characterized by slow, non-fluent speech with difficulty finding words. Broca’s patients have preserved ability to understand language..
Wernicke's Area
- In 1874, Carl Wernicke discovered that damage to the left posterior temporal lobe, known as Wernicke's area, led to deficits in language comprehension.
- Wernicke’s Aphasia is characterized by fluent speech with normal prosody but with difficulty understanding language. Wernicke’s patients produce grammatically correct sentences, but these sentences convey no meaning.
Wilder Penfield
- Wilder Penfield, a neurosurgeon, used electrical stimulation to map the motor and sensory cortices of the human brain during surgery for epilepsy.
- Penfield's research established maps of the motor and sensory cortices, helping to explain the relationship between specific brain areas and their functions.
The Brainstem
- Brainstem connects the cerebrum and spinal cord and is vital for autonomic functions.
Autonomic Nervous System
- Autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions like heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure.
- The sympathetic nervous system activates the “fight-or-flight” response, increasing arousal.
- The parasympathetic nervous system promotes “rest-and-digest” functions, reducing arousal.
Medulla
- Medulla in the brainstem is crucial for autonomic nervous system function.
- Controls heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, and temperature regulation.
Disorders of Consciousness
- Persistent vegetative state (PVS) occurs due to severe damage to the cerebral hemispheres and cortex.
- PVS patients lack conscious awareness, although some autonomic functions may still be in place such as respiration and heart rate control.
- Locked-in syndrome, resulting from ALS or brain injury, causes paralysis with intact cerebrum and brainstem.
- Patients with locked-in syndrome are fully conscious and aware, but unable to communicate due to paralysis.
- These patients may appear similar to PVS patients, highlighting the importance of careful assessment and evaluation.
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Description
Explore the intricacies of the brain, including its structure and functions. Learn about the roles of the cerebellum, motor cortex, and sensory cortex, as well as the significance of functional MRI in detecting brain activity. This quiz tests your understanding of the brain's complexity and its components.
