Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does the atomic number represent?
What does the atomic number represent?
- The number of protons in the nucleus (correct)
- The number of orbiting electrons
- The total number of electrons
- The number of neutrons in the nucleus
What is the process of losing a valence electron called?
What is the process of losing a valence electron called?
- Conduction
- Electrical Balance
- Ionization Energy
- Ionization (correct)
Electrons in an atom have more energy the farther they are from the nucleus.
Electrons in an atom have more energy the farther they are from the nucleus.
True (A)
A material classified as an insulator conducts electrical current easily.
A material classified as an insulator conducts electrical current easily.
What are valence electrons?
What are valence electrons?
What is the term for an atom that has acquired an extra electron?
What is the term for an atom that has acquired an extra electron?
The _____ gap is the difference in energy between the valence band and the conduction band.
The _____ gap is the difference in energy between the valence band and the conduction band.
The formula to calculate the maximum number of electrons in each shell is Ne = 2n^_______.
The formula to calculate the maximum number of electrons in each shell is Ne = 2n^_______.
Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:
Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Flashcards
Atomic Number
Atomic Number
The number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
Valence Electrons
Valence Electrons
Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.
Electron Shells
Electron Shells
Orbitals with specific energy levels where electrons reside.
Ionization Energy
Ionization Energy
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Maximum Electrons per Shell
Maximum Electrons per Shell
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Positive Ion
Positive Ion
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Negative Ion
Negative Ion
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Electrical Balance
Electrical Balance
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Conductors
Conductors
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Insulators
Insulators
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Study Notes
The Bohr Model of an Atom
- An atom is the smallest particle of an element.
- Atoms consist of a central nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons.
- The nucleus contains positively charged protons and neutral neutrons.
- The basic units of negative charge are electrons.
- Atoms have a specific number of electrons and protons.
Atomic Number
- The atomic number is equal to the number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
- The number of electrons in a neutral atom is equal to the atomic number.
- In a neutral atom, positive and negative charges cancel each other out, resulting in a net charge of zero.
- Atomic numbers are listed on the periodic table of elements.
Electrons and Shells
- Electrons orbit the nucleus at specific distances (shells).
- Each shell correlates to a distinct energy level.
- Electrons closer to the nucleus have lower energy levels than those further from the nucleus.
- Shells have a fixed maximum number of electrons.
- The maximum number of electrons per shell can be calculated using the formula: Ne = 2n2, where 'n' is the shell number
Valence Electrons
- Valence electrons are those electrons in the outermost shell.
- Valence electrons have higher energy and are less tightly bound to the atom compared to inner electrons.
- When a valence electron gains enough energy, it can leave the atom.
Ionization
- Ionization is the process where a valence electron escapes the atom.
- Atoms absorb external energy (e.g., heat or light) to raise the energy levels of electrons.
- Outer electrons, like valence electrons (being loosely bound) can more easily jump to higher energy levels when energy is absorbed.
Electrical Balance
- An equal number of protons and electrons results in neutral atoms.
- Atoms that are unbalanced have either positive or negative charges.
Types of Materials (Conductor, Semiconductor, Insulator)
- Insulators: Materials that do not readily conduct electricity.
- Conductors: Materials that readily conduct electricity.
- Semiconductors: Materials with conductivity between conductors and insulators.
Band Gap
- In solids, the interactions between atoms create energy level bands.
- Electrons occupy a valence band.
- When gaining sufficient energy, electrons can jump to the conduction band.
- The gap in energy between the valence and conduction bands is called the band gap.
- The band gap is the energy needed for electrons to jump to the conduction band.
- In conductors, the valence and conduction bands overlap.
- In insulators, the band gap is large and requires high voltages to make the electrons jump to the conduction band.
- In semiconductor, the band gap is small, allowing for electrons' movement by moderate energy.
Comparison (Silicon & Copper)
- Silicon is a semiconductor; copper is a conductor.
- They differ in the number of valence electrons and the attractive force felt by these electrons.
- Copper has valence electrons in a less tightly bound orbit, thereby taking less energy to become free electrons, unlike silicon.
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