The Blood
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following substances does blood NOT transport?

  • Nutrients
  • Oxygen
  • Wastes
  • Hormones (all the above) (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a component of blood?

  • Nonliving matrix
  • Plasma
  • Living cells
  • Formed elements (all are) (correct)

    • What is the main classification of blood?

  • Muscle tissue
  • Connective tissue (correct)
  • Nervous tissue
  • Epithelial tissue

    • Which of the following is true about the living cells in blood?

    <p>They are called formed elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of blood is found in the buffy coat (less than 1% of blood)?

    <p>Leukocytes and platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of blood is made up of erythrocytes?

    <p>45 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to plasma when blood is centrifuged?

    <p>It rises to the top</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of white blood cell?

    <p>Basophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of white blood cell?

    <p>Erythrocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ produces most of the plasma proteins in the blood?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of albumin in the blood plasma?

    <p>Regulates osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plasma protein helps to stop bleeding when a blood vessel is injured?

    <p>Clotting proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition occurs when blood pH becomes too acidic?

    <p>Acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In each scenario of acidosis or alkalosis, which two systems help restore blood pH to normal?

    <p>Respiratory system and kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a formed element of blood?

    <p>Plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cell fragments found in blood called?

    <p>Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen to the body's tissues?

    <p>Erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the main function of erythrocytes?

    <p>To carry oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomy of circulating erythrocytes?

    <p>Biconcave disks &amp; contains very few organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many erythrocytes are normally found per cubic millimeter of blood?

    <p>5 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about erythrocytes?

    <p>They are bags of hemoglobin &amp; contain few organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of erythrocytes?

    <p>To carry oxygen to the body's tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about hemoglobin?

    <p>Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many hemoglobin molecules are there in each erythrocyte?

    <p>250 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of hemoglobin in blood?

    <p>12-18 g per 100 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein in the blood binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen?

    <p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many oxygen binding sites does each hemoglobin molecule have?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by an excessive or abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells?

    <p>Polycythemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood called?

    <p>Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition results from abnormally shaped hemoglobin?

    <p>Sickle cell anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disorder resulting from an excessive or abnormal increase of red blood cells?

    <p>Polycythemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may cause polycythemia?

    <p>Bone marrow cancer or being at high altitude (secondary polycythemia)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an increase in red blood cells have on blood flow?

    <p>Slows down blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood cells are crucial in the body's defense against disease?

    <p>Leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability of leukocytes to move into and out of blood vessels?

    <p>Diapedesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many white blood cells are normally found per cubic millimeter of blood?

    <p>4,800 to 10,800</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about leukocytes (white blood cells)?

    <p>They respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues. (known as positive chemotaxis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability of leukocytes to move into and out of blood vessels?

    <p>Diapedesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many white blood cells are normally found per cubic millimeter of blood?

    <p>4,800 to 10,800</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of leukocytes (white blood cells)?

    <p>All the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of leukocytes (white blood cells)?

    <p>To defend the body against disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability of leukocytes to move into and out of blood vessels?

    <p>Diapedesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a condition characterized by an abnormally low leukocyte level?

    <p>Leukopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a white blood cell count above 11,000 cells/mm3 generally indicate?

    <p>Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can cause leukopenia?

    <p>Corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an abnormal number of leukocytes?

    <p>WBC count above 11,000 cells/mm3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a white blood cell count above 11,000 cells/mm3 generally indicate?

    <p>Leukocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells?

    <p>Leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the bone marrow in leukemia?

    <p>It becomes cancerous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood cells are affected in leukemia?

    <p>White blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukocytes possess lobed nuclei?

    <p>Granulocytes (Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukocytes lack visible cytoplasmic granules?

    <p>Agranulocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukocytes include lymphocytes and monocytes?

    <p>Agranulocytes( lymphocytes and monocytes)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of granulocytes stains cytoplasm pale pink and contains fine granules?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of neutrophils in a cubic millimeter of blood?

    <p>3,000-7,000 neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of neutrophils at active sites of infection?

    <p>Act as phagocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood cells function as phagocytes at active sites of infection?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the color of the cytoplasm in neutrophils?

    <p>Pale pink and contains fine granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many lobes does the nucleus of neutrophils typically contain?

    <p>Three to seven</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of granulocyte has red, coarse cytoplasmic granules?

    <p>Eosinophils (Figure-8 or bilobed nucleus stains blue-red)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of eosinophils in the body?

    <p>To kill parasitic worms and plays a role in allergy attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of eosinophils in a cubic millimeter of blood?

    <p>100-400 eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of granulocyte releases histamine at sites of inflammation?

    <p>Basophils Sparse but large blue-purple granules  U- or S-shaped nucleus stains dark blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of basophils in the total white blood cell count?

    <p>0-1 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of granulocyte contains heparin, an anticoagulant?

    <p>Basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of agranulocyte is involved in graft rejection, fighting tumors, and viruses?

    <p>T lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of lymphocytes in a cubic millimeter of blood?

    <p>1,500-3,000 lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of agranulocyte produces antibodies?

    <p>B lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of agranulocyte is involved in the immune response?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color is the cytoplasm of agranulocytes?

    <p>Pale blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color is the nucleus of agranulocytes?

    <p>Dark purple-blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of agranulocyte is the largest of the white blood cells?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of monocytes in a cubic millimeter of blood?

    <p>100-700</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color is the cytoplasm of monocytes?

    <p>Gray-blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of agranulocyte is the largest of the white blood cells?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of monocytes in the body?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color is the cytoplasm of monocytes?

    <p>Gray-blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the normal range of platelets per cubic millimeter of blood?

    <p>150,000-400,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Platelets are derived from which type of cells?

    <p>Megakaryocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of platelets in the body?

    <p>Clotting process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stem cell produces all other formed elements in blood?

    <p>Myeloid stem cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does hematopoiesis occur?

    <p>Red bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stem cell produces lymphocytes?

    <p>Lymphoid stem cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell is responsible for the process of hematopoiesis?

    <p>Hemocytoblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does hematopoiesis occur in the body?

    <p>Red bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common origin of all blood cells?

    <p>Hemocytoblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about red blood cells?

    <p>RBCs are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver when worn out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long do red blood cells typically last before wearing out?

    <p>100 to 120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are lost red blood cells replaced?

    <p>In the red bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about red blood cells?

    <p>Red blood cells are anucleate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of platelets in the body?

    <p>Assisting in blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does hematopoiesis occur in the body?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ produces the hormone erythropoietin?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What controls the rate of red blood cell (RBC) production?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is homeostasis of RBC production maintained?

    <p>Negative feedback from blood oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the production of platelets?

    <p>Thrombopoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prompts the bone marrow to generate white blood cells?

    <p>A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of hemostasis involves the formation of a blood clot?

    <p>Coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first phase of hemostasis?

    <p>Vascular spasms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the second phase of hemostasis?

    <p>Platelet plug formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of hemostasis involves the formation of a platelet plug?

    <p>Platelet plug formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of vascular spasms in hemostasis?

    <p>To constrict blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final phase of hemostasis?

    <p>Coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of hemostasis involves the formation of a blood clot?

    <p>Coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule triggers a clotting cascade in the coagulation process?

    <p>Tissue factor (TF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What converts prothrombin to thrombin in the coagulation process?

    <p>Prothrombin activator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule interacts with tissue factor (TF) to trigger a clotting cascade in the coagulation process?

    <p>PF3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein joins fibrinogen proteins into hairlike molecules of insoluble fibrin?

    <p>Thrombin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is serum?

    <p>Plasma minus clotting proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to serum within the hour after clot formation?

    <p>It is squeezed from the clot as it retracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the normal time range for blood clotting?

    <p>3 to 6 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the clot after tissue repair?

    <p>The clot dissolves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs as the endothelium regenerates?

    <p>Hemostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clot that forms in an unbroken blood vessel?

    <p>Thrombus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an embolus?

    <p>A clot that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following areas can be deadly if a thrombus occurs?

    <p>Heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by a deficiency in platelets, leading to bleeding from small blood vessels?

    <p>Thrombocytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are small purplish blotches on the skin that can be seen in individuals with thrombocytopenia?

    <p>Petechiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is a hereditary bleeding disorder characterized by the absence of normal clotting factors?

    <p>Hemophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of losing over 30 percent of blood?

    <p>Shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are blood transfusions given?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of losing 15 to 30 percent of blood?

    <p>Weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the main function of antibodies in the immune system?

    <p>To attack antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are antigens in the context of blood typing?

    <p>Substances that the body recognizes as foreign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is blood typing performed?

    <p>By using antibodies that cause blood clumping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood group antigens cause the most vigorous transfusion reactions?

    <p>ABO and Rh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many common red blood cell antigens are there?

    <p>Over 30</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about human blood groups?

    <p>There are over 30 common red blood cell antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antigens determine the ABO blood groups?

    <p>Type A and Type B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the lack of Type A and Type B antigens?

    <p>Type O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many antigens are present in the ABO blood groups?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type is characterized by the presence of both antigens A and B?

    <p>Type AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the blood type called when only antigen A is present?

    <p>Type A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the blood type called when only antigen B is present?

    <p>Type B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following blood types is most common among Americans?

    <p>Rh+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when Rh+ blood is mixed with Rh- blood?

    <p>Hemolysis occurs after the first transfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does hemolysis occur in second and subsequent transfusions?

    <p>Antibodies attack the recipient's RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which combination of parental Rh factors can lead to danger for the child?

    <p>Rh- mother and Rh+ father</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can the RhoGAM shot prevent in the mother's blood?

    <p>Buildup of anti-Rh+ antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does danger occur for the child in terms of Rh factor inheritance?

    <p>When the child inherits the Rh+ factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about Rh Dangers During Pregnancy?

    <p>The immune system is sensitized after the first pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen in a second pregnancy if the mother is Rh- and the baby is Rh+?

    <p>The mother's immune system produces antibodies to attack the Rh+ blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the sensitization of the immune system occur in Rh Dangers During Pregnancy?

    <p>During the first pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which serum is mixed with blood samples for blood typing?

    <p>Anti-A and anti-B serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the identification of blood type during blood typing?

    <p>Lack of agglutination of blood samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of cross matching in blood typing?

    <p>Testing for agglutination of both donor RBCs and recipient's serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to determine if there is agglutination of donor red blood cells by the recipient's serum, and vice versa?

    <p>Cross matching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of cross matching in blood typing?

    <p>To test for agglutination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In blood typing, what does cross matching involve?

    <p>Testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During fetal development, which organs are early sites of blood cell formation?

    <p>The liver and spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what month does the bone marrow take over hematopoiesis during fetal development?

    <p>Seventh month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the sites of blood cell formation in the adult body?

    <p>The bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a congenital blood defect?

    <p>Hemolytic anemia and hemophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of fetal cyanosis?

    <p>Destruction of fetal blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does physiologic jaundice occur in infants?

    <p>The liver cannot rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown products fast enough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age groups are most at risk for leukemias?

    <p>the very young and very old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is also at risk for anemia and clotting disorders?

    <p>Older adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is more common in older adults?

    <p>B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

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