The Big Bang Theory

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What was the initial state of the universe before the Big Bang?

A stable, eternal universe with no beginning

A hot, dense point containing all space, time, matter and energy (correct)

A slowly expanding cloud of gas and dust

A vast empty void with no space, time, matter or energy

What process caused the rapid expansion of the universe after the Big Bang?

Recombination

Inflation (correct)

Nucleosynthesis

Annihilation

What happened to the matter and antimatter produced during the early universe?

They formed heavier elements through nuclear fusion

They collapsed under gravity to form the first celestial bodies

They were both completely annihilated, leaving only energy (correct)

They continued to expand and cool, forming the first atoms

What was the state of matter in the early universe before recombination?

A highly energetic soup of protons, neutrons, electrons and photons (C) Signup and view all the answers

What was the process that allowed electrons to combine with atomic nuclei after the Big Bang?

Recombination (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is causing the continued expansion of the universe today?

The expansion of space itself, which is traveling faster than matter and energy (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of producing light elements during the big bang expansion called?

Primordial nucleosynthesis (A) Signup and view all the answers

Who was able to prove BBN with his calculations?

Ralph Alpher (A) Signup and view all the answers

What did Alpher calculate to predict the formation of hydrogen and helium?

The proportions of neutrons and protons (D) Signup and view all the answers

What process marked the beginning of the BBN cascade that produced heavier light elements?

Formation of deuterium (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was the reason for the 'deuterium bottleneck' in the early stages of the Big Bang?

Deuterium was easily destroyed by high energy photons (B) Signup and view all the answers

How was helium-4 initially formed?

By fusion of a proton and a tritium atom (C) Signup and view all the answers

What was the binding energy of helium-4?

28 MeV (A) Signup and view all the answers

How was lithium-7 produced?

By fusion of a helium-4 and a tritium nucleus (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was Aristotle's view on the existence of atoms?

He disregarded the existence of atoms (C) Signup and view all the answers

How did Aristotle's views on atoms influence later beliefs in Europe?

They halted the success of early Greek atomism and led to the belief in Aristotle's four natural elements (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the measure of the degree of inequality in the attraction of electrons between atoms in a molecule?

Polarity (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which Greek philosophers were the major contributors to the theory of atomism, which theorizes that materials are made up of indivisible atoms?

Leucippus and Democritus (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given quantity of solvent known as?

Solubility (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe molecules with partially positive and partially negative ends?

Dipoles (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist provided more detailed concepts of the atom than Democritus?

JJ Thomson (B) Signup and view all the answers

Sucrose is soluble in water because it is a __________ molecule.

Hydrophilic (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid known as?

Melting point (D) Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether a bond is polar or nonpolar in nature?

$\Delta$EN values (A) Signup and view all the answers