The Age of Industry Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the Industrial Revolution?

A period of peace and prosperity

The age of exploration

A movement to promote animal rights

A time of dramatic changes in agriculture, industry, and technology (correct)

What period is referred to as the Age of Industry?

1760 to 1900

What is subsistence farming?

Farming with advanced technology

Growing excess food for trade

A modern farming technique

Growing just enough food to feed their own families (correct)

What is the Protestant work ethic?

A way of life based on the belief that God expects all men to work and sees work as a noble duty. Signup and view all the answers

What did Jethro Tull invent?

Seed drill Signup and view all the answers

What significant invention did John Deere patent in 1837?

Steel plow Signup and view all the answers

What innovation did Cyrus McCormick introduce in 1834?

Reaper Signup and view all the answers

What is a thresher used for?

To separate grain from chaff Signup and view all the answers

By 1900, what machines had been combined into one?

Reaper and thresher Signup and view all the answers

What does the domestic system refer to?

Work done in small private shops, usually within a craftsman's home. Signup and view all the answers

What does the factory system involve?

Employing large numbers of people to produce manufactured goods systematically for wages. Signup and view all the answers

What are real wages?

Wages compared to the cost of living. Signup and view all the answers

Who invented the flying shuttle in 1733?

John Kay Signup and view all the answers

What did James Hargreaves invent in 1764?

Spinning jenny Signup and view all the answers

What was Richard Arkwright's contribution to the Industrial Revolution?

Invented the water-powered frame Signup and view all the answers

Who combined the spinning jenny and spinning frame into the spinning mule?

Samuel Crompton Signup and view all the answers

What did Edmund Cartwright patent in 1785?

Power loom Signup and view all the answers

What effect did the Enclosure Movement have on peasant farmers?

Forced many off the land Signup and view all the answers

What innovation did Eli Whitney create in 1793?

Cotton gin Signup and view all the answers

What did James Watt develop in 1776?

Practical, coal-burning steam engine Signup and view all the answers

The process of rotating crops involves planting a different crop in a field each year, known as ______.

rotating Signup and view all the answers

What does fallow mean in agricultural terms?

Plowed up but not used. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Erie Canal known for?

Connecting Lake Erie to the Hudson River Signup and view all the answers

What significant trade route was established with the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869?

Joining the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean Signup and view all the answers

What are Clipper Ships known for?

Tremendous speed on the high seas Signup and view all the answers

What advanced ship technology surpassed clipper ships?

Steamships Signup and view all the answers

Who built the first practical steamship?

Robert Fulton Signup and view all the answers

What year did the Clermont sail 150 miles up the Hudson River?

1807 Signup and view all the answers

Who invented the first practical steam-powered locomotive?

George Stephenson Signup and view all the answers

What did Gottlieb Daimler perfect in 1886?

Gasoline-fueled internal combustion engine Signup and view all the answers

What did Rudolf Diesel unveil?

Diesel engine Signup and view all the answers

What did Karl Benz develop in Germany?

First modern automobiles Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Industrial Revolution

A transformative period marked by significant changes in agriculture, industry, and technology.
Notable advancements and innovations led to increased efficiency and productivity.

Age of Industry

Spanning from approximately 1760 to 1900, this era experienced remarkable progress in Western Civilization.
Key developments shaped economic and social structures.

Agricultural Changes

Subsistence Farming: Farmers produced only enough food for their families, limiting surplus and trade.
Key Innovations:
- Jethro Tull's seed drill (c. 1701) revolutionized planting methods.
- John Deere patented the steel plow (1837), facilitating more effective farming.
- Cyrus McCormick introduced the reaper (1834), enhancing harvesting productivity by six-fold.

Technological Innovations

Thresher: Enhanced efficiency in separating grain from chaff.
Combine: By 1900, combined the functions of reaping and threshing into a single machine.
Textile Innovations:
- John Kay's flying shuttle (1733) reduced labor for weaving.
- James Hargreaves created the spinning jenny (1764), increasing thread production.
- Richard Arkwright's water-powered frame (1769) specialized in spinning cotton.
- Samuel Crompton combined previous inventions into the spinning mule (1779).
- Edmund Cartwright patented the power loom (1785), mechanizing weaving.

Economic Systems

Domestic System: Pre-industrial work conducted in small private shops or homes.
Factory System: Emergence of factories employing numerous workers to produce goods systematically for wages.
Real Wages: Wages in England increased relative to the cost of living during this period.

Enclosure Movement

Shifted land use, displacing peasant farmers and allowing landholders to improve livestock quality and productivity.

Innovations in Cotton Production

Eli Whitney's cotton gin (1793) allowed single workers to replace the labor of fifty, revolutionizing cotton production.

Transportation Developments

Erie Canal: Completed in 1825, it connected Lake Erie to the Hudson River, significantly aiding trade.
Suez Canal: Opened in 1869, linking the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian Ocean, facilitating international trade.
Clipper Ships: Sleek sailing vessels recognized for their speed.
Steamships: Eventually surpassed clipper ships in speed and efficiency.

Pioneering Figures

Robert Fulton built the Clermont, the first practical steamship (1807), demonstrating the potential for steam-powered transport.
George Stephenson invented the first practical steam-powered locomotive, advancing rail transportation.
Gottlieb Daimler and Rudolf Diesel pioneered internal combustion engines, laying groundwork for future automotive technology.
Karl Benz developed the first modern automobiles, revolutionizing personal transport.
Henry Ford's innovations in assembly line production made automobiles more accessible, changing transportation dynamics.

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Description

Explore key concepts from the Age of Industry through these flashcards. Understand important terms like the Industrial Revolution and subsistence farming, which shaped Western Civilization from 1760 to 1900. Perfect for anyone studying history or preparing for exams.