The Aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars

An alliance formed by Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain to maintain peace and balance of power after the Napoleonic Wars.

A meeting of European powers in 1814-1815 to redraw the map of Europe and establish a balance of power after Napoleon's defeat.

A system where no one country becomes too strong and threatens others, leading to peace and stability.

Austrian foreign minister who was a key figure in the Congress of Vienna and promoted conservatism.

The effort to return to pre-revolutionary political and social systems after the Napoleonic Wars.

Treaty signed before Napoleon's escape, giving France its 1792 boundaries and avoiding harsh reparations.

Treaty concluding Napoleon's defeat, restoring the Bourbon monarchy but requiring some concessions from France.

A series of periodic meetings of the great powers to maintain peace and address issues collaboratively.

Prince Klemens von Metternich believed human nature was prone to error and self-serving behavior, leading him to champion conservative ideas.

Liberalism, with its focus on national independence and self-determination, threatened the stability of the Austrian Empire, which Metternich sought to preserve.

The Habsburg Austrian Empire was a melting pot of ethnicities, including Germans, Hungarians, Czechs, Italians, Poles, Ukrainians, and more.

The Austrian Empire's diverse ethnicities, languages, customs, and political systems made achieving political unity a significant challenge.

Metternich strongly opposed nationalism as it threatened the Austrian Empire's survival by fostering calls for independence from different ethnic groups.

Russia and the Ottoman Empire, both absolutist and multinational states, supported Metternich's conservative stance, aiming to preserve traditional hierarchies.

Proposed by Tsar Alexander I of Russia, the Holy Alliance was a commitment to suppress revolutionary movements and aspirations for national independence.

At the Congress of Troppau, Austria and Russia pledged to intervene to maintain autocratic regimes, as seen in their response to the 1820 revolutions in Spain and Naples.

The Karlsbad Decrees, enforced by Austria and Prussia within the German Confederation, targeted liberal political organizations, suppressed the press, and monitored universities for radical ideas.

Liberal army officers in St. Petersburg staged a protest against Tsar Nicholas I, which was brutally crushed, with leaders executed and others exiled.

Creole elites in South America, despite resenting Spanish control, hesitated to initiate revolutions due to concerns of social upheaval and potential slave revolts.

Caudillos, often of Creole descent, emerged as regional rulers in South America after independence, blending military strength with populist politics.

Liberalism emerged during the American and French Revolutions and advocated for representative government, equality before the law, and individual freedoms.

A key principle of liberalism, laissez-faire emphasizes free trade, unrestricted enterprises, and minimal government interference in the economy.

Adam Smith, a prominent liberal economist, challenged mercantilism by promoting the idea of free-market capitalism, a system where economic decisions are driven by the forces of supply and demand.

A political philosophy emphasizing individual liberty, limited government, and free markets. It promotes individual rights, free trade, and minimal government intervention in the economy.

An economic policy advocating minimal government intervention in the economy. It emphasizes free trade, unrestricted enterprise, and limited regulation.

An economic policy emphasizing national wealth through exports and accumulation of gold and silver, often through government regulation.

Requirements for voting rights based on owning property, often excluding the working class, women, and some middle-class professionals.

A strong sense of belonging to a nation, characterized by shared culture, history, and language, often motivating people to strive for independence or unity.

Focused on shared culture and heritage, uniting people through a common identity, rather than political goals.

Obstacles to building a strong nation, such as regional dialects, ethnic diversity, and lack of infrastructure.

Nationalism can inspire unity and create independence, but it can also lead to tensions and conflict in multiethnic empires.

The feeling of belonging to a nation, even with diverse populations, as fostered by shared symbols, rituals, and national narratives.

A political and economic philosophy advocating for social equality, economic planning, and state-regulated property to address the inequalities of capitalism.

Socialist ideas that aimed for a better society through radical social and economic reorganization, advocating for ideal communities and reforms.

Utopian socialist who believed industrial progress should benefit the poor, advocating for social planning led by scientists and industrialists.

Utopian socialist who proposed self-sufficient communities (phalanxes) with gender equality, abolished marriage, and sexual freedom.

Socialist ideas advocating for the abolition of private property and the state to achieve social equality and worker control.

A socialist ideology developed by Karl Marx, emphasizing economic exploitation, class struggle, and historical materialism, leading towards a classless communist society.

A proposed unified Germany that included Austrian territories, representing a vision of a larger and more powerful nation.

A proposed unified Germany that excluded Austria, emphasizing a more cohesive and independent German state.

The Prussian king who rejected the crown offered by the Frankfurt Parliament, symbolizing the failure of the revolution.

A first attempt at German unification, but its competing visions and ultimately, the king's rejection, led to its failure.

The traditional rulers of Prussia and other German states who reasserted their authority after the failed revolution.

An artistic, literary, musical, and intellectual movement that arose in the late 18th century, emphasizing emotion, imagination, and a connection with nature. It challenged the Enlightenment's focus on reason and rationality.

A lifestyle embraced by Romantics that rejected materialism and embraced individual expression, often characterized by unconventional behavior and artistic pursuits.

The Romantic Movement challenged Enlightenment values, emphasizing intuition, emotion, spirituality, and the past. In contrast, the Enlightenment focused on reason, scientific progress, and secularism.

Romantics viewed nature as a source of beauty, inspiration, and spiritual connection, often escaping into rural landscapes to experience its power and serenity.

Romantics saw history as organic and dynamic, embracing the mysteries of the past and celebrating national traditions. They used history as a source of inspiration for their art and literature.

A collection of poems published by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, representing a key moment in English Romanticism. It emphasized the beauty of everyday life and the power of nature.

A literary movement in Germany that influenced English Romanticism, characterized by strong emotions, dramatic events, and a rejection of classical rules.

French Romanticism faced initial resistance from Napoleon's classicism. It emerged through authors like Germaine de Stael, who introduced German Romantic ideas to French readers.

Victor Hugo, a prominent French Romantic writer, excelled in poetry, drama, and novels. His works celebrated emotion, historical settings, and political freedom.

Romantic artists emphasized imagination and emotion, exploring dramatic landscapes, exotic themes, and the power of nature in their works.

Romantic composers expanded the size and capabilities of orchestras, adding new instruments and creating dramatic emotional landscapes through music.

Ludwig van Beethoven, considered the first great Romantic composer, revolutionized music with dramatic contrasts, emotional depth, and a profound impact on the development of music.

Greece, under Ottoman rule for centuries, sought independence inspired by national aspirations, romantic ideals, and the support of European powers.

Romanticism inspired not only artistic movements, but also political and social revolutions. It fueled nationalist movements and ideas of individual freedom.

A rebellion by Greeks against Ottoman rule that ultimately led to Greece's independence in 1829.

Britain, France, and Russia intervened in the Greek War of Independence, ultimately defeating the Ottoman navy at the Battle of Navarino in 1827.

A series of political and economic reforms in Britain during the 19th century that aimed to expand voting rights, limit working hours, and address social issues.

Before liberal reforms, British politics was dominated by landowning aristocrats, with limited voting rights and government policies favoring the elite.

The Industrial Revolution and fears of revolutionary radicalism led to growing calls for political reform in Britain, challenging the established conservative order.

Laws in Britain designed to restrict grain imports and protect the interests of landowners, leading to higher food prices for the general population.

A violent incident in 1819 where British cavalry attacked peaceful protesters demanding political reform.

A significant British legislation that expanded voting rights, giving greater political representation to industrial areas and reducing aristocratic control in Parliament.

A working-class movement in Britain that advocated for universal male suffrage and other democratic reforms, but faced repeated rejections by Parliament.

A period of widespread starvation and disease in Ireland between 1845 and 1851, caused by the potato blight and exacerbated by the British government's inadequate response.

Landowners in Ireland who often lived elsewhere, exploiting tenants through unfair leases and contributing to widespread poverty.

The famine had long-lasting consequences for Ireland, including a declining population, intensified anti-British sentiment, and a fuel for Irish nationalism.

A French revolution that led to the overthrow of King Charles X and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy under Louis Philippe.

Charles X's conservative policies aimed to restore the old order, leading to unrest and ultimately his overthrow.

A wave of revolutions across Europe in 1848 fueled by economic distress, political repression, and nationalist sentiment.

A series of uprisings in France that led to the establishment of the Second Republic, but ultimately failed due to internal divisions and the suppression of working-class revolts.

The King of France during the July Monarchy, whose reign was marked by growing discontent among the working class and the middle class due to economic crises and a lack of political reform.

The revolution was sparked by a combination of factors, including economic crises, political corruption, and widespread discontent among various social groups, including the middle class, workers, and intellectuals.

A democratic republic established in France after the overthrow of Louis Philippe, which included a constitution granting universal male suffrage and implementing various social and economic reforms.

Government-sponsored workshops established during the French Revolution of 1848 to provide jobs for unemployed workers, but ultimately failed due to economic strains and competition from traditional industries.

A violent working-class revolt in Paris in June 1848, sparked by the closure of national workshops and the fear of losing socialist reforms, which was brutally suppressed by the government.

Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, elected President of France in 1848, he later seized power and established the Second French Empire, marking the end of the Second Republic.

The multiethnic Austrian Empire experienced widespread revolts in 1848 demanding constitutional reforms, national autonomy, and social changes, which ultimately failed due to internal divisions and the suppression of revolutionaries.

A revolution in 1848 within the Austrian Empire aimed at achieving greater autonomy and self-governance for Hungary, but it was eventually crushed by the Austrian army.

The revolutions of 1848 were primarily driven by a combination of factors: economic hardship, growing nationalism, and the desire for political reforms, particularly liberal ideas and democratic principles.

The revolutions of 1848 failed to achieve long-lasting change in most European nations due to internal divisions among revolutionaries and the strength of conservative forces, but they demonstrated the growing demand for democratic reforms and national self-determination.

The revolutions of 1848 championed a variety of ideals, including national unification, democratic reforms, constitutional government, and social justice, with many movements embracing liberal and nationalist principles.